Bones overview. Flashcards
What is an articular surface?
A bone marking
A smooth area typically covered by hyaline cartilage where a bone articulates to another bone.
What is a condyle?
A bone marking
A large rounded protuberance articular surface found at the end of the bone.
What is an epicondyle?
A bone marking
Found just superior of the condyle, used as an attachment site for ligands and tendons.
What is a fossa?
A type of bone marking
A shallow depression in the bone.
What is a foramem?
A type of bone marking
A hole or opening in the bone
What is a notch?
A type of bone marking
An angular indentation at the edge of a bone.
What is a process?
A type of bone marking.
A pointed projection from the bone.
What is a spine?
A type of bone marking.
A long, thin and pointed projection from the bone.
What is a tubucule?
A type of bone marking.
A small rounded and raised bump on the surface of a bone.
What is a tuberosity?
A type of bone marking.
Larger than a tubucule, raised bump with a roughened surface.
What are the different groups for classifying bones?
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Sesamoid bones
Irregular bones.
What are the key characteristics of long bones?
Example?
Longer than they are wide.
Humerus.
What are the key features of short bones?
Example?
Cuboid in shape, as wide as they are long
Tarsals.
What are some key features of flat bones?
Examples
Broad and flat in appearance.
Protective function
Skull and Ribs.
What are some key features of sesamoid bones?
Found inside tendons.
Often small and unnamed
Named example = patella (knee cap).
What are some key features of irregular bones?
Do not fit into any other bone classification category.
Vertebrae.
Name the type of bone shown below.
Long bone.
Name and describe region one
Epiphysis - the bulbous end of the bone above the epiphyseal line.
Name and describe region 2.
The metaphysics : connects the diaphysis to the epiphysis, bone starts to widen.
Name and describe region 3
The diaphysis = the long thinner connecting middle section of the bone.
How many bones does the average adult human have?
206.
What percentage of the bodies calcium is stored in bones?
99%
What is the anatomical terminology for a joint?
Articulation.
What are the features of a fibrous joint?
Articulation is held together by fibrous connective tissue.
Limited movement, almost none.
E.g in the skull
What are the features of cartilagenous articulations?
restricted movement compared to synovial articulations.
Flexible movement compared to synovial articulations.
What are the features of synovial articulations?
The joint surface is covered in smooth hyaline cartilage and synovial fluid.
This largely reduces frictional forces to create more flexible joints.
What is the function of ligaments?
The join bones together.
What is the function of tendons?
To attach bones to muscle.
Mechanical force is transferred from the bone to the muscle via tendons causing the bones to move.
Are bones cells, tissues or organs.
Organs.
What is the bone matrix?
A component of bones.
Contains collagen fibres reinforced by calcium.
Why is collogen important in bones?
Collagen protein is elastic so gives flexibility making bones less likely to fracture.
What is hydroxyapatite?
A type of calcium phosphate found in the bone matrix that gives bones strength and rigidity.
What is the function of osteoclast cells?
To reabsorb old bone.
What is the function of osteoblast cells?
The formation of new bone.
What is the function of osteocytes?
Mature bone cells that help regulate the balance of bone formation and bone absorption.
What is bone resorption?
The removal of old bone.
What is bone ossification?
The formation of new bone.
What is cortical / compact bone?
The outer surface of bone.
Is more dense, strong and rigid.
What is spongy / trabecular bone?
Found on the inside of bone.
Is less dense, has a high surface area.
Is flexible and site of manufacture of red blood cells.
