Regional and Systemic Anatomy Flashcards by Leonard Lazum

What are the main regions of the body?

head, neck, upper limbs, lower limbs, thoracic, abdomen, pelvis

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What are the four planes of the body?

Coronal/frontal, transverse, sagittal, median

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What is the median plane?

Mid-sagittal plane, runs down the middle of the body, splitting it in to left and right

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What is the sagittal plane? What movements occur here?

Splits body into left and right. Flexion and extension occurs here.

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What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

Splits body in to anterior and posterior. Abduction and adduction occurs here.

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What is the transverse plane?

Splits the body into superior and interior. Rotation occurs here.

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What are the three axes of the body?

Coronal, sagittal, longitudinal.

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What is the coronal axis?

Includes extension and flexion in the sagittal plane.

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What is the sagittal axis?

Includes adduction and abduction in the coronal plane.

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What is the longitudinal axis?

Rotation in the transverse plane

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What are the three sections of the body?

longitudinal, transverse, oblique

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What is the longitudinal section of the body?

run length-ways or parallel to long axis of body

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What is the transverse section of the body?

slices of the body cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body

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What is the oblique section of the body?

not cut along the longitudinal or transverse sections

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What is the difference between superior and inferior?

Superior = towards the top/cranium
Inferior = towards the bottom/caudal

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What is the difference between anterior and posterior?

Anterior = front of the body
Posterior = back of the body

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What is the difference between medial and lateral?

Medial = towards middle/midline of the body
Lateral = away from the middle/midline of the body

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What is the difference between proximal and distal?

Proximal = close to trunk
Distal = away from trunk

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What is the difference between prone and supine?

Prone = facing downwards
Supine = facing upwards

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What is the difference between ventral and dorsal?

ventral: towards the front
dorsal: towards the back

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What is the difference between cephalad and caudal?

cephalic = head (towards)
caudal = tail (towards)

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What is bilateral?

Both sides

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What is unilateral?

One side

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What is ipsilateral?

Same side

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What is contralateral?

Opposite sides

What is the difference between flexion and extension?

flexion - bending, decreasing angle | extension - straightening, increasing the angle

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

abduction - away from midline | adduction - towards midline

What is the difference between protraction and retraction?

protraction - anterolateral movement of shoulder | retraction - posteromedial movement of shoulder

What is the difference between elevation and depression?

elevation - superior movement | depression - inferior movement

What is the difference between internal and external rotation?

internal - towards midline | external - away from midline

What is circumduction?

sequential flexion abduction, extension, adduction (circular movement)

What is the difference between inversion and eversion?

inversion - sole of foot towards median plane | eversion - sole of foot away from median plane

What is the difference between plantar flexion and dorsiflexion?

plantar flexion - toe up | dorsiflexion - toe down

What is the difference between supination and pronation?

supination - rotating radius laterally, uncrossing from ulna | pronation - rotates radius medially

What is opposition?

thumb to pad of another finger

What is the difference between finger abduction and adduction?

abduction - away from middle finger | adduction - towards middle finger

List three articular surface features of bone

facets/fovea, condyles, trochlea

List three elevations of bone

process, spine, tubercle, crest, epicondyle, head

List three depressions of bone

fossa, sulci, canals, apertures

What are the three types of joints?

synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

Features of fibrous joints

sutures of cranium, not much movement

Features of cartilaginous joints

hyaline cartilage | primary (allows for bone growth) and secondary (inter-vertebral discs)

Features of synovial joints

joint cavity: lined by synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid for lubrication articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage, protection from friction articular capsule: fibrous, provides stability and structure, thick parts = ligaments

Types of synovial joints

- ball-and-socket - saddle - condyloid/ellipsoid - plane - pivot - hinge

Ball-and-socket

flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation eg hip and shoulder

Saddle

flexion and extension, adduction and abduction | eg thumb

Condyloid/ellipsoid

rounded surface in a concave surface | flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

Hinge

flexion and extension in the sagittal plane | eg shoulder

Pivot

rotation around a central axis | eg C2 and C3 vertebrae

Plane

sliding and gliding | scapula and clavicle

Isometric vs isotonic

Isometric: muscle changes length in relationship to production of movement Isotonic: muscle length remains the same; no mvement occurs but firce is increased to resist gravity

Concentric vs eccentric

Concentric: movement occurs as a result of muscle shortening Eccentric: contracting muscle lengthens

What are the three types of muscles?

Skeletal, cardiac and visceral

Skeletal muscle features

voluntary, striated, attached to bone to cause voluntary movement

Cardiac muscle features

striated, involuntary, intercalated discs

Visceral muscle features

involuntary, smooth, organs

What is a motor unit?

a single motor neuron and the muscle fibres innervated by it

Define agonist

main muscle/s responsible for movement

Define antagonist

opposes action of agonist

Define synergist

assists movement

Define stabiliser/fixator

dynamic stabilisers of a joint

Define shunt

resists dislocating forces

What are the three types of connective tissue. Give a description for each.

Tendons: muscle to bone, epi+peri+endomyium Aponeurosis: collagen as flat sheets which anchor muscle to skeleton Fascia: covers most of the body deep to skin

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

What type of matter is cell bodies and axons?

Cell bodies: gray matter | Axons: white matter

Where is white and gray matter located in the spinal cord?

White = out, gray = in

Other names for efferent nerves

motor, anterior

Other names for afferent nerves

sensory, posterior