Regional and national influences Flashcards
What % of London residents are UK born?
63.3 (36.7% foreign born)
Describe the rise in crime in England and Wales in 2013/14
44,480 hate crimes recorded
37,484 race hate
2,273 religious hate
Why do many foreign migrants go into work in elderly care homes?
- Unwanted by young national workers
- Many come from traditions valuing close extended family
Define ‘diaspora’
A scattered population whose origin lies within a similar geographic locale clustering in groups forming their own communities
Regional influences of how and why places change:
- How strong sense of (1)
- (2) inclinations of the local county councils
- Any (3) or metropolitan areas policies on (4)
1 - community is
2 - political
3 - regional enterprise zones
4 - growth and development
National influences of how and why places change:
- Impact on major (1) nearby
- Place is directly affected by government (2)
- (3) inclinations of the national government
1 - cities
2 - designations
3 - political
Global influences of how and why places change:
- Any (1) in retail outlets, factories or offices
- Involvement in (2)
1 - global brands
2 - global tourism
Name one international influence of how and why a place may change
If the place is directly affected by EU policies or designations
Give four regional, national, global and international influences of how and why a place may change
- Accessibility to London/ major cities in UK
- How well connected the place is to the internet
- Transport connections to other places
- Any pressures for change
What is the purpose of Myrdal’s model?
Shows what happens when an industry comes into an area and attracts employees and supporting industries and to show what makes a region successful
Describe Myrdal’s Model
New industry > more jobs > purchasing power > pool of trained labour > demand for services > population rises and immigration > tertiary sector grows > innovation > attracts linked industries
What problems can be caused by a successfully regenerated place?
- two-tier class system
- workers in poorer paid jobs are priced out of housing
- skill shortage in quaternary and quinary sectors
What solutions can be proposed to solve the problems caused by a successfully regenerated place?
- training and recruitment even overseas
- build affordable homes for workers
Sydney: successful regeneration case study
- 2015 population growth of (1) in four years
- (2)% of population are foreign born
- Loughborough Uni called Sydney third (3)
- 2013 GRP = (4)
- Leading financial centre for (5) district
1 - 400,000 2 - 30 3 - alpha city behind London and NYC 4 - $337 billion 5 - Asia-Pacific
Sydney
- hosts (1) of TNC regional HQs
- Median age = (2), London = (3) so economically active workforce but causing decline elsewhere
- Low (4) but greater in the western suburbs despite high employment
- (5) allows trading with USA, UK and Asia
1 - two-thirds 2 - 36 3 - 41 4 - multiple deprivation 5 - time zone
How did Sydney embrace globalisation in 1985?
- de-regulating banking
- inward migration policy on well qualified professionals
Sydney
- Average income of (1)
- Most expensive place to live in (2)
- (3)th in the world for QoL
- (4) of foreign banks in Australia have regional HQs in Sydney
1 - $82,000/yr
2 - Australia
3 - 10
4 - 40/43
Describe the location of Berkshire
M4 runs East <> West
Heathrow airport to the East
River Thames to the West
Wide, flat floodplain which is ideal for high-quality urban living and work
Why is Berkshire a successful region?
- Population increase of 6.4% in 10 years
- High employment rates
- Principal towns e.g. Reading host major ICT companies
- Slough trading estate is the UK’s largest industrial park and hosts HQs of many TNCs e.g. O2
- Well qualified workforce (estimated to need an additional 70,000 by 2020)
- Historical villages host royalty and many TV dramas and film settings
Why are some places less successful?
- deindustrialisation so employees require new skill set or spiral of economic decay
- QoL reflects multiple deprivation
Detroit case study
- Built for 2 million but current population of (1)
- Overseas companies produce cheaper (2)
- Car industry in competition with (3)
- (4) of mining to cut costs
- Lower wage costs in the (5) causing over (6) job losses
- Between 2000-2012 the population decreased (7)
1 - 673,000 2 - Coal and steel 3 - Japan 4 - Mechanisation 5 - South-East 6 - 80,000 7 - 26.6%
Causes of Detroit’s decline:
- (1) workers were made to compete against each other and town planners made (2)
- (3) meant that people opted for smaller, fuel-efficient cars
- the Big Three directly employed (4) but now only employ (5) in the US
1 - Black and white 2 - Segregated living areas 3 - 1970s oil crisis 4 - 1.5 million 5 - 250,000
Causes of Detroit’s decline:
- (1) and (2) riots caused by ethnic tension
- Tax increased as (3) decreased
- US firms failed to (4) of their cars
- The Big three were predominant and so prevented (5)
1 - 1943 2 - 1967 3 - Population 4 - Innovate the design 5 - Development of other industries
Effects of Detroit’s decline:
- In 2009 alone, (1) schools closed
- (2) due to ethnic unjust
- Unemployment rate at (3)
- (4)% of adults are illiterate
- (5) robbed empty factories and looting of homes
1 - 29 2 - white flight 3 - 28% 4 - 47% 5 - Scavengers
Effects of Detroit’s decline
- Most jobs are (1)
- Nearly (2) children live below the poverty line
- Property prices fallen by (3)
- Only (4) GM workers remain compared to 100,000
- Approx (5) of the city is empty or unused
1 - low paying 2 - half 3 - 80% 4 - 6,000 5 - one-third
Middlesborough
- (1) since the early 1980s
- Approx (2) have out migrated since 1990
- Decline worsened by (3)
- 2015 closure of (4)
- Many shops forced to close after large (5) closed down due to custom decrease
1 - deindustrialisation 2 - 20,000 3 - 2008 economic recession 4 - SSI steelworks in Redcar 5 - chain stores
Middlesborough
- Local unemployment is (1) the national average
- In (2)% of the town’s working age households, there is no one in paid employment
- 10% of wards are in the worst (3)% of deprived areas in the England
- Average house prices dropped (4) the national average
- Cost of (5) rising by 10% a year
1 - almost double 2 - 30 3 - 1 4 - less than half 5 - fly-tipping
Middlesborough
- (1) of students attend a ‘requires improvement’ school
- Council’s ability to regenerate is restricted by reductions in (2)
- Requires (3) to prevent continued decline
- Regeneration aims to involve their (4) heritage
1 - one half
2 - welfare spending
3 - private investment
4 - industrial
What are the major concerns for West Berkshire?
- Skill shortages
- Lack of higher education provision
- Small pockets of deprivation
- Over-reliance on key businesses
- Lack of affordable housing in commuter villages
What are the main priorities for West Berkshire?
- Deliver 10,500 homes on brownfield land
- Encourage a mix of house size and tenure
- Invest in sustainable public transport
- Super fast Broadband deployment plan
What are the major concerns for Middlesborough?
- Sink estates
- Gap in educational attainment
What are the main priorities for Middlesborough?
- Protect and enhance sports facilities
- Invest £215 million to create 1,500 jobs, 100 new homes and a new police HQ
- Build new high-quality housing
What factors do less successful places have less of?
- trust in authority
- educational attainment
- social participation
- social mobility
- attachment to a place
What factors do less successful places have more of?
- segregation of socio-economic groups
- crime
- health problems
- infant mortality
Define ‘sink estate’
Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drug use and gang welfare
