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Regenerating places 5 > Changing places > Flashcards

Changing places Flashcards

1
Q

Give a historical perspective of changing places

A
  • Mid 1800s mechanisation of farming > workers moved to cities providing cheap labour
  • Settlements near coast/ valuable resources grew as commercial centres
  • £1 housing regeneration scheme
  • County towns grew hosting administrative functions
  • Post industrial economy sees functions reduced and more retail competition
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2
Q

Describe how Bath and Totnes protect its heritage

A

Bath - World Heritage site so new developments have to suit Georgian style (slow rate of change)
Totnes - Transition town to protect culture and Totnes pound to aid local businesses

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3
Q

Give four demographic changes

A
  • changes in age structure and ethnicity
  • MV empire Windrush brought Jamaican migrants
  • Indian diaspora in W. London (Southall)
  • Pakistani diaspora in Birmingham
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4
Q

Give five impacts of demographic change

A
  • Prejudice and racism
  • Collapse in house prices
  • Deindustrialisation and outmigration
  • Cultural hotspots
  • Language barriers
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5
Q

Describe UK income

A
  • London has the highest average income

- Living wage in London is £9.40/hr but nationally is £7.20

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6
Q

Describe UK variations in QoL

A
  • High income not necessarily high QoL
  • London low in affordability
  • Scotland is happiest region nationally
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7
Q

Describe UK life expectancy

A
  • 6 year life expectancy difference between highest and lowest occupational groups
  • A 65yr old man in Harrow can expect to live 6 years longer than a man in Glasgow (‘Glasgow effect’)
  • Health and income affects lifestyle and diet
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8
Q

Describe UK health and income

A

Poorest health regions: W.Scotland

NW England and S Wales - deindustrialisation

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9
Q

Describe UK education

A
  • London has highest A/A* NE. England = lowest
  • Educational achievement - job prospect - income
  • Parents in affluent areas more likely to be encouraging
  • Poor, white males do worse in coursework so introduced more exams
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10
Q

Define ‘regeneration’

A

Redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring about economic or social change

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11
Q

Define ‘rebranding’

A

Ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic benefit and marketed using its new identity to attract investment

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12
Q

Describe physical, human, economic, religious, media and cuisine of Cornwall

A

P - Granite cliffs, arable farmland and coastal features
H - 74% farmland
E - dependant on agriculture and tourism
R - 18th century Methodist
M - rural, poor and low action
C - Cornish pasty, clotted cream, seafood and mead

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13
Q

Describe the physical, human, economic, religious, media and cuisine of Bristol

A 
P - Limestone and gorge 
H - Docks 
E - 2014 GDP: 30.5bn 
R - 47% Christian, 5% Muslim
M - named best place to live in Britain by Sunday Times 
C - nightlife and clubs
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14
Q

What are the functions of Bristol?

A 
Avonmouth docks 
Financial centre
2 Unis 
MOD
Regional HQ of BBC
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15
Q

Name 3 regeneration projects in Bristol

A

1980 - Harbour
2010 - Cabot circus
2015 - Temple Quarter

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16
Q

What are the three urban areas on the rural to urban continuum?

A

Metropolitan - London
Urban built environment
Urban-rural fringe - Box to Bath

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17
Q

What are the three rural areas on the rural to urban continuum?

A

Farming and commuter zone - Kington Langley
Deep countryside - North Lake District
Remote rural environment - Scottish highlands

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18
Q

What is the Clarke-Fisher model?

A

A graph showing development from pre-industrial to industrial to post-industrial countries and sectors of employment

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19
Q

Where is Bangladesh on the Clarke-Fisher model?

A

Pre-industrial developing

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20
Q

Describe the UK/ America line on the Clarke-Fisher model

A

Started bottom left in pre-industrial to 60% tertiary sector in post-industrial

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21
Q

Give two physical factors that lead to change in places

A
  • places vary in attractiveness to FDI (environment)

- central gov intervention changed in early 21st century to localism and individuality began

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22
Q

Give four access/ connectedness factors that lead to change in places

A
  • technology facilitating urban sprawl, fibre optic cables are shifting traditional landscapes and relationships
  • access to other places by methods of transport
  • proximity to other places
  • connections attract investment
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23
Q

Historic factors leading to change in places:

  • post-production era and (1) so once key sectors e.g. (2) has ended
  • changes in (3) trends and (4) types due to (5) trends
A 
1 - mechanisation 
2 - agriculture/ primary sector
3 - consumer 
4 - house 
5 - cultural and demographic
24
Q

Historic factors leading to change in places:

- competition for optimum site for (1) land values increase towards (2) because access for people pre-(3) age was here

A

1 - functions (commercial, residential, retail)
2 - CBD
3 - motor vehicle

25
Q

Historic factors leading to change in places:

  • role of businesses and TNCs shaping (1) hence character of places e.g. (2)
  • historic buildings act as (3) seeking regeneration, conversely, large areas of (4) and legacy of (5) may be a deterrent
A 
1 - consumer demand 
2 - US style shopping mall 
3 - physical assets 
4 - derelict buildings 
5 - toxic waste
26
Q

Give three planning factors that lead to change in places

A
  • national gov policies to restructure the economy e.g. 1990 to increase students in higher education
  • state-funded council housing shifted from 1980 towards privatisation
  • conservation policies encourage conversions rather than renewal e.g. HS2 must have an EIA
27
Q

Define ‘containerisation’

A

A method of shipping in relatively uniform, sealed containers whose contents do not have to be unloaded at each point of transfer

28
Q

Define ‘dereliction’

A

Deliberate neglect and abandonment

29
Q

Define ‘deprivation’

A

The degree to which an area or place is lacking service or amenities

30
Q

Define ‘infrastructure’

A

The fundamental facilities and systems serving a place such as communications, transport, power systems and schools

31
Q

Describe the Tilbury Dock

A
  • 30km East of the capital to take largest container ships

- Closed as part of London Docklands

32
Q

Describe work in
1978-1983
1981
1971-1981

A

78/83 - 12,000 jobs lost
81 - 60% of adult males are unemployed (could lead to drug misuse and domestic violence)
71-81 - 100,000 outmigration (derelict warehouses increases crime)

33
Q

What was the result of dock closures in Liverpool, London, Leeds and Bristol?

A
  • 1980s riots due to deprivation and ethnic tension

- conservative gov to re-image by lead of Michael Heseltine

34
Q

Why did the London Docklands close?

A

Container ships became larger so mechanisation took place over jobs

35
Q

How did the Conservative government try to rebrand deprived cities as a result of dockland redundancies?

A

1984 initiative held garden festivals, community planting and gov award ‘City of culture’

36
Q

What is the LDDC?

A

London Docklands Development Corporation 1981 to encourage economic growth, players: property owners, architects, construction companies and investors

37
Q

Give two economic benefits of the docklands regeneration

A
  • high rise buildings accommodate quinary and quarternary sectors
  • high earning jobs for trickle down effect
38
Q

Give three economic disadvantages of the docklands regeneration

A
  • 27% of Newham earn less than national average
  • high earners in minority
  • high deprivation in Tower Hamlets
39
Q

Give some social benefits of the docklands regeneration

A
  • gentrification
  • 1980 right to buy scheme
  • Newham = London’s most ethnically diverse borough
  • extended Jubilee line
  • 425,000 commuters into London every day
40
Q

Give some social disadvantages of the docklands regeneration

A
  • age imbalance
  • average age of Newham = 31 (UK=40)
  • right to buy scheme meant low earners in council housing forced out
41
Q

What are centripetal forces?

A

Forces that draw people together to live in the same area

42
Q

What are centrifugal forces?

A

Factors such as globalisation and migration that cause families to live far apart

43
Q

How did employment changes cause change in London’s east end?

A
  • more people in high income jobs
  • (1951 - 18% of UK population in quinary sector compared to 31% in 2011)
  • rising house prices - displaced existing residents
44
Q

How did inward migration cause change in London’s east end?

A
  • growing economy
  • changes character of place
  • new identity
45
Q

How did globalisation cause change in London’s east end?

A
  • broken community
  • Cheaper production of good overseas
  • closure of original port
46
Q

How do employment trends change in a society over time from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?

A

Primary slowly declining > secondary under threat > high unemployment rising > tertiary and quaternary rising quickly

47
Q

How does demographic change in society from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?

A

Counter urbanisation, ageing population and high fertility mortality > urbanisation > suburbanisation of youth moving outward > young graduates moving in

48
Q

How does political allegiance change in society from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?

A

Conservative resistant to change > socialist > liberal > variable depending who is credited for improvements

49
Q

How does income deprivation change in society over time from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?

A

Relatively high > decreasing > high > falling for those with appropriate skill sets

50
Q

How does health deprivation change in a society over time from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?

A

High > deteriorating due to pollution > high > improving

51
Q

How does the quality of the environment change in a society over time from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?

A

Pristine scenery > increasingly poor > poor > improving

52
Q

The north contains (1)/10 of the UK’s most deprived areas. (2) higher in the north than in the south. London has (3) businesses per 10,000 whereas (4) has just 292 per 10,000. Over 25% of GDP in North comes from (5)

A 
1 - 9 
2 - obesity and alcohol consumption
3 - 470
4 - Yorkshire 
5 - Manufacturing
53
Q

HS2:

  • Cost?
  • Location?
  • Completion time?
  • Travel time?
  • Aims?
A
  • More than £60 billion
  • London > Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds
  • More than 20 years
  • London to Manchester in 68 minutes (1/2 travel time)
  • economic growth, spread business activity, create jobs, rebalance economy
54
Q

What are the arguments against HS2?

A
  • Future travel demand is uncertain
  • Claims of new jobs and economic benefits are overstated
  • Places not connected by HS2 lose business
  • Energy intensive due to speed
55
Q

What are the arguments for HS2?

A
  • Fast to sustain modern competitive economy
  • Free up space on existing tracks for more local consumer and freight passages
  • Up to 100,000 new jobs
  • Connect 8 of UK’s largest 10 cities
  • Environmental benefits from less congestion on roads and other ethos’s of transport

Regenerating places 5 (5 decks)

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