Changing places Flashcards
Give a historical perspective of changing places
- Mid 1800s mechanisation of farming > workers moved to cities providing cheap labour
- Settlements near coast/ valuable resources grew as commercial centres
- £1 housing regeneration scheme
- County towns grew hosting administrative functions
- Post industrial economy sees functions reduced and more retail competition
Describe how Bath and Totnes protect its heritage
Bath - World Heritage site so new developments have to suit Georgian style (slow rate of change)
Totnes - Transition town to protect culture and Totnes pound to aid local businesses
Give four demographic changes
- changes in age structure and ethnicity
- MV empire Windrush brought Jamaican migrants
- Indian diaspora in W. London (Southall)
- Pakistani diaspora in Birmingham
Give five impacts of demographic change
- Prejudice and racism
- Collapse in house prices
- Deindustrialisation and outmigration
- Cultural hotspots
- Language barriers
Describe UK income
- London has the highest average income
- Living wage in London is £9.40/hr but nationally is £7.20
Describe UK variations in QoL
- High income not necessarily high QoL
- London low in affordability
- Scotland is happiest region nationally
Describe UK life expectancy
- 6 year life expectancy difference between highest and lowest occupational groups
- A 65yr old man in Harrow can expect to live 6 years longer than a man in Glasgow (‘Glasgow effect’)
- Health and income affects lifestyle and diet
Describe UK health and income
Poorest health regions: W.Scotland
NW England and S Wales - deindustrialisation
Describe UK education
- London has highest A/A* NE. England = lowest
- Educational achievement - job prospect - income
- Parents in affluent areas more likely to be encouraging
- Poor, white males do worse in coursework so introduced more exams
Define ‘regeneration’
Redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring about economic or social change
Define ‘rebranding’
Ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic benefit and marketed using its new identity to attract investment
Describe physical, human, economic, religious, media and cuisine of Cornwall
P - Granite cliffs, arable farmland and coastal features
H - 74% farmland
E - dependant on agriculture and tourism
R - 18th century Methodist
M - rural, poor and low action
C - Cornish pasty, clotted cream, seafood and mead
Describe the physical, human, economic, religious, media and cuisine of Bristol
P - Limestone and gorge H - Docks E - 2014 GDP: 30.5bn R - 47% Christian, 5% Muslim M - named best place to live in Britain by Sunday Times C - nightlife and clubs
What are the functions of Bristol?
Avonmouth docks Financial centre 2 Unis MOD Regional HQ of BBC
Name 3 regeneration projects in Bristol
1980 - Harbour
2010 - Cabot circus
2015 - Temple Quarter
What are the three urban areas on the rural to urban continuum?
Metropolitan - London
Urban built environment
Urban-rural fringe - Box to Bath
What are the three rural areas on the rural to urban continuum?
Farming and commuter zone - Kington Langley
Deep countryside - North Lake District
Remote rural environment - Scottish highlands
What is the Clarke-Fisher model?
A graph showing development from pre-industrial to industrial to post-industrial countries and sectors of employment
Where is Bangladesh on the Clarke-Fisher model?
Pre-industrial developing
Describe the UK/ America line on the Clarke-Fisher model
Started bottom left in pre-industrial to 60% tertiary sector in post-industrial
Give two physical factors that lead to change in places
- places vary in attractiveness to FDI (environment)
- central gov intervention changed in early 21st century to localism and individuality began
Give four access/ connectedness factors that lead to change in places
- technology facilitating urban sprawl, fibre optic cables are shifting traditional landscapes and relationships
- access to other places by methods of transport
- proximity to other places
- connections attract investment
Historic factors leading to change in places:
- post-production era and (1) so once key sectors e.g. (2) has ended
- changes in (3) trends and (4) types due to (5) trends
1 - mechanisation 2 - agriculture/ primary sector 3 - consumer 4 - house 5 - cultural and demographic
Historic factors leading to change in places:
- competition for optimum site for (1) land values increase towards (2) because access for people pre-(3) age was here
1 - functions (commercial, residential, retail)
2 - CBD
3 - motor vehicle
Historic factors leading to change in places:
- role of businesses and TNCs shaping (1) hence character of places e.g. (2)
- historic buildings act as (3) seeking regeneration, conversely, large areas of (4) and legacy of (5) may be a deterrent
1 - consumer demand 2 - US style shopping mall 3 - physical assets 4 - derelict buildings 5 - toxic waste
Give three planning factors that lead to change in places
- national gov policies to restructure the economy e.g. 1990 to increase students in higher education
- state-funded council housing shifted from 1980 towards privatisation
- conservation policies encourage conversions rather than renewal e.g. HS2 must have an EIA
Define ‘containerisation’
A method of shipping in relatively uniform, sealed containers whose contents do not have to be unloaded at each point of transfer
Define ‘dereliction’
Deliberate neglect and abandonment
Define ‘deprivation’
The degree to which an area or place is lacking service or amenities
Define ‘infrastructure’
The fundamental facilities and systems serving a place such as communications, transport, power systems and schools
Describe the Tilbury Dock
- 30km East of the capital to take largest container ships
- Closed as part of London Docklands
Describe work in
1978-1983
1981
1971-1981
78/83 - 12,000 jobs lost
81 - 60% of adult males are unemployed (could lead to drug misuse and domestic violence)
71-81 - 100,000 outmigration (derelict warehouses increases crime)
What was the result of dock closures in Liverpool, London, Leeds and Bristol?
- 1980s riots due to deprivation and ethnic tension
- conservative gov to re-image by lead of Michael Heseltine
Why did the London Docklands close?
Container ships became larger so mechanisation took place over jobs
How did the Conservative government try to rebrand deprived cities as a result of dockland redundancies?
1984 initiative held garden festivals, community planting and gov award ‘City of culture’
What is the LDDC?
London Docklands Development Corporation 1981 to encourage economic growth, players: property owners, architects, construction companies and investors
Give two economic benefits of the docklands regeneration
- high rise buildings accommodate quinary and quarternary sectors
- high earning jobs for trickle down effect
Give three economic disadvantages of the docklands regeneration
- 27% of Newham earn less than national average
- high earners in minority
- high deprivation in Tower Hamlets
Give some social benefits of the docklands regeneration
- gentrification
- 1980 right to buy scheme
- Newham = London’s most ethnically diverse borough
- extended Jubilee line
- 425,000 commuters into London every day
Give some social disadvantages of the docklands regeneration
- age imbalance
- average age of Newham = 31 (UK=40)
- right to buy scheme meant low earners in council housing forced out
What are centripetal forces?
Forces that draw people together to live in the same area
What are centrifugal forces?
Factors such as globalisation and migration that cause families to live far apart
How did employment changes cause change in London’s east end?
- more people in high income jobs
- (1951 - 18% of UK population in quinary sector compared to 31% in 2011)
- rising house prices - displaced existing residents
How did inward migration cause change in London’s east end?
- growing economy
- changes character of place
- new identity
How did globalisation cause change in London’s east end?
- broken community
- Cheaper production of good overseas
- closure of original port
How do employment trends change in a society over time from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?
Primary slowly declining > secondary under threat > high unemployment rising > tertiary and quaternary rising quickly
How does demographic change in society from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?
Counter urbanisation, ageing population and high fertility mortality > urbanisation > suburbanisation of youth moving outward > young graduates moving in
How does political allegiance change in society from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?
Conservative resistant to change > socialist > liberal > variable depending who is credited for improvements
How does income deprivation change in society over time from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?
Relatively high > decreasing > high > falling for those with appropriate skill sets
How does health deprivation change in a society over time from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?
High > deteriorating due to pollution > high > improving
How does the quality of the environment change in a society over time from agricultural > industrial > post industrial decline > post industrial regeneration?
Pristine scenery > increasingly poor > poor > improving
The north contains (1)/10 of the UK’s most deprived areas. (2) higher in the north than in the south. London has (3) businesses per 10,000 whereas (4) has just 292 per 10,000. Over 25% of GDP in North comes from (5)
1 - 9 2 - obesity and alcohol consumption 3 - 470 4 - Yorkshire 5 - Manufacturing
HS2:
- Cost?
- Location?
- Completion time?
- Travel time?
- Aims?
- More than £60 billion
- London > Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds
- More than 20 years
- London to Manchester in 68 minutes (1/2 travel time)
- economic growth, spread business activity, create jobs, rebalance economy
What are the arguments against HS2?
- Future travel demand is uncertain
- Claims of new jobs and economic benefits are overstated
- Places not connected by HS2 lose business
- Energy intensive due to speed
What are the arguments for HS2?
- Fast to sustain modern competitive economy
- Free up space on existing tracks for more local consumer and freight passages
- Up to 100,000 new jobs
- Connect 8 of UK’s largest 10 cities
- Environmental benefits from less congestion on roads and other ethos’s of transport
