Gov. policy and regeneration Flashcards
Give three examples of government approaches to policy affecting regeneration in the UK
- Deregulation under the Thatcher government (1979-1990)
- New labour (1997-2010)
- Coalition government (2010-2015)
Describe the deregulation policies under the Thatcher government
- Growth of financial sector (1986)
- Conservative gov aimed to make London a global city
- Any bank, financial advisor or individual could trade in shares (before - London Stock Exchange had a monopoly in all share dealings)
- Barriers were removed to allow financial institutions to set up offices in London
Describe the New Labour policies 1997-2010
- Pro-public sector and council housing
- Pathfinder programme where places were chosen in the North to be demolished and rebuilt (controversial due to demolition of Victorian era buildings)
- 39 areas selected for development as a deal with the communities for projects to be community led
Describe the coalition polices 2010-2015
- Austerity: projects had to prove they would bring economic growth
- 39 Local Enterprise Partnerships giving responsibility for deciding community priorities
- City deal: focus on promoting economic growth cities had to bid for funding
- Directly elected mayors
Name three main areas of concern for the government
- Housing
- Energy security
- Ageing population and labour shortage
Why is housing an area of concern for the government?
- Urgent demand
- Increasing house prices
- More single-occupancy
- 1 million new homes needed by 2020
- More builders needed
Why is energy security an area of concern for the government?
- Controversy over hydraulic fracking
- By 2020, 70% of gas will be imported
- It is estimated that there is 37 million metres cubed of shale in N. England
- £300 billion worth of oil and gas close to Gatwick
Why is an ageing population an area of concern for the government?
- Migration increasing GDP
- Extra taxes and production
- Lower skilled people fill less desirable jobs
- Immigration laws tightened especially BREXIT
- In 2015, refugees accounted for 0.24% of the population
Describe the city deal scheme in Bristol
- 40,000 jobs and £1 billion investment
- W. England authorities to keep 100% of growth in business rates
- Over 25 year period
- Improvement of rail services and quicker bus transport
- Public property board to manage up to £1 billion of the council assets and 180 land and property assets
Give four advantages of fracking
- Access difficult-to-reach places for gas and oil
- US significantly increased domestic oil production and reduced gas prices
- Half CO2 emissions than coal
- Could create thousands of jobs
Give some disadvantages of fracking
- Substantial water usage increases transportation
- Carcinogenic chemicals used can contaminate water source
- Can cause earth tremours
- Continued fossil fuel reliance
What is a flag ship project?
Large-scale prestigious projects such as the Olympic stadium and the new Heathrow runway
Why is the Bristol and Bath science park attractive for business?
- Serviced offices
- Safe and environmental transport provided
- 16 miles from Bristol airport and 90 minutes from Heathrow
- Renewable energy site
Give some examples of businesses at the Bristol and Bath science park
- ‘Unify’ telecommunications
- ‘Limepark studios’ design agency
- ‘Willow DNA’ learning technology
What are the benefits of enterprise zones?
- 100% of business rates are paid for, for the first five years
- Simplified planning permission
- Superfast broadband using tax money
- Tax relief on machinery
What is the purpose of a science park?
Represent areas as attractive for investment by providing desirable and beneficial environments
What groups does regeneration cause tension between?
- Areas that haven’t received regeneration e.g. Hartcliffe riots
- Age groups e.g. London riots
- Property developers and council when it’s not deemed fit for purpose
- Residents and visitors
- Construction phase e.g. Metrobus Bristol
Who pays for regeneration schemes? Give examples
Private sector investment - Southgate centre, Bath
Public sector - London Olympics
Private-Public partnership - Cabot Circus
Give an example of an urban retail strategy
1998 - Cribbs Causeway Mall
- last one built in the UK due to the doughnut effect
- free parking
- easy access to M4 and M5
2000 - Bristol’s CBD in decline due to doughnut effect
2008 - Cabot Circus regeneration
- Double the size of the Mall
Give an example of a sporting urban strategy
London Olympics 2012
- £9.3bn paid for by ticket sales, TV sponsorship and post olympic sales of housing
- Main features of the Park post 2012: West Ham FC , Orbit viewing platform, media centre
- 800 housing units for people earning over £60,000 a year
Who were the stakeholders of the post 2012 Olympic stadium regeneration? (Urban strategy)
- LLDC (London Legacy Development Corporation)
- 4 boroughs including Newham and Tower Hamlets
- Mayor of London
- 207 local businesses employed 5000 people compensated to move house
Give an example of a cultural urban strategy
Bristol docklands
Cornwall:
- (1) due to inward migration of retired population and outward of 16-29 age group
- Penzance is (2) from London by the fastest train
- Only (3)% of the profits from tourism stay in Cornwall
1 - Brain drain
2 - 5 hours
3 - 33%
Cornwall:
- Poor transport links increases (1) costs reduces (2)
- Weak (3) infrastructure slows economic growth
- (4)% of all households in Cornwall live in areas ranked within the 25% most deprived nationally
1 - transport
2 - manufacturing
3 - transport
4 - 33
Cornwall:
- (1)% of rural areas no longer have a village shop
- Farming decline due to withdrawal of (2)
- (3) limit quantity of fish the UK can take from the sea
1 - 72
2 - EU subsidies
3 - EU quotas
Give three rebranding strategies used in Cornwall
Farm diversification
Foodie restaurants
Outdoor pursuits
Why does Cornwall qualify for regional aid from the EU?
- Economically disadvantaged
- Affected by decline of the old economy
What investor incentives are offered in Cornwall as an enterprise zone?
- Council business tax paid for up to 100% up to a limit of £160k for up to 5 years
- Planning free environment
- Superfast broadband
What is the Newquay Aerohub?
An enterprise zone at Newquay airport
What were the hopes of the Newquay Aerohub?
- Diversify economy
- Attract aviation investment for 700 high-value permanent jobs in the first year
What evidence is there to suggest Cornwall rebranding is successful?
- Many companies interested e.g. Bloodhound SSC
- Air Ambulance transferred base from Truro hospital
What evidence is there to suggest Cornwall rebranding is not successful?
- Only 450 jobs created but moved not new
What is farm diversification?
The method by which farms expand into different industries to earn extra revenue and increase tourism e.g. Lobb’s farm which is now the second most visited attraction in Cornwall
Describe Cornwall’s food image
- Jamie Oliver’s fifteen restaurants based there
Describe Cornwall’s arts and culture image
- Du Maurier festivals
- Theatre, music and arts now available in the Hall in Truro
How do Cornwall prevent brain drain?
University College Falmouth and Exeter have combined to to form Combined Universities of Cornwall for a wider range of courses and extra support for those who go on to open businesses in Cornwall
Watergate Bay:
- Employs (1)
- Work is (2) and low paid
- Not (3) in winter
- Increases (4) and doesn’t emit (5)
1 - 50-60 2 - fluctuating 3 - lifeguarded 4 - tourism 5 - pollution
Watergate bay:
- Does not diversify the (1)
- Overcome’s Cornwall’s (2)
- Doesn’t prevent (3)
1 - economy
2 - geographical isolation
3 - brain drain
CUC:
- Reduces (1)
- Improves (2) prospects
- Provides (3) employment
- Develops a (4) economy
- Makes good use of (5)
1 - brain drain 2 - quaternary sector 3 - year round 4 - knowledge 5 - environment
Wave hub:
- Create (1) jobs
- Expensive and (2) conditions
- Improves (3) sector and opposes (4)
1 - 170
2 - fluctuating weather
3 - quaternary
4 - brain drain
Super fast broadband:
- Access to over (1)
- Created (2) jobs
- (3) companies
1 - 95%
2 - 2,000
3 - footloose
Eden project:
- (1) jobs created
- (2) related jobs
- (3) funding
- £(4) and (5) million visitors
1 - 650 2 - 3,000 3 - 140 million 4 - 1.1 billion 5 - 13
Describe Objective ONE funding
1/3 of new businesses fail in the first year so ONE match fund to reduce the risk by matching the capital (‘Pump-prime’)
Describe the Lobb’s farm funding
Family raised £20,000 Bank lent them £20,000 (total £40,000) Matched by Cornwall council (£80,000) Matched by South West Regional Development Agency Matched by EU ONE funding (£320,000)
Lobb’s farm funding:
After ten years, the shop’s annual turnover is (1) with (2) employees and they only have to pay back the (3). ONE backed (4) projects in Cornwall
1 - £70,000
2 - 20
3 - bank
4 - 580
Give three economic benefits of the 2012 Olympics
- £13 billion added to national economy
- £130 million worth of new contracts
- Successful so they held other world events e.g. 2017 Athletics Championship
Give three social affects of the 2012 Olympics
- Broadened demographic base
- UK not become healthier as a result
- 2 primary schools, 1 secondary school and 9 nurseries
Give three environmental affects of the 2012 Olympics
- Zero carbon new housing
- Good public transport and walking/ cycling lanes
- LLDC sustainable vision for 2030
Factors influencing perception of success:
- MC
- PPaA
- PEoC
- G
- media coverage
- personal perceptions and attachments
- personal experiences of change
- gender
Factors influencing perception of success:
- E
- A
- STDaC
- Ethnicity
- Age
- Stance towards development and change
What significantly happened to retail in 2008 because of Hammerson and joint venture partners?
Two of the largest retail-led city centre regeneration projects created in the UK (Highcross, Leicester and Cabot Circus)
How many jobs were created and investment used for the Hammerson regeneration projects?
6000
£850 million
What first time retailers were incorporated in the 2008 Hammerson projects?
Highcross - 73% of retailers and 85% of restaurants are new
CC - 75%
How has the 2008 Hammerson project transformed city status?
Premier regional destinations
UK hierarchy moved Bristol up 7 places to 15th and Leicester up 11 places to 13th
How were the 2008 Hammerson projects made environmentally sustainable?
- 127 occupiers signed to a ‘Green Lease’
- Approx 88% of materials were recycled during CC retail fit-out phase
How were the community involved in the 2008 Hammerson projects?
- CC had an 18 month consultation phase
- 76 organisations involved in planning stage
- Public expeditions at HC, L generated 90% support
Give some benefits to Bristol’s built environment due to Cabot Circus
- 38 acre site back to economic use
- Architectural variety
- Restored two listed buildings
Give some economic benefits of the Cabot Circus regeneration project
- Re-invigorated entertainment economy with creation of two restaurant quarters and multiplex cinema
- Re-positioning city’s national profile
- 7,500 jobs in construction, retail and hospitality industry
- £12.5 million investment in public art
What is the viewpoint and role of the national government as an urban player?
V - long-term national goals take priority
R - planning permission and pump-priming
What is the viewpoint and role of the local councils as an urban player?
V - duty to tackle inequality, balance economic, environmental and social needs
R - regeneration schemes and soft management
What is the viewpoint and role of developers as an urban player?
V - Profit needed
R - Funding
What is the viewpoint and role of local businesses as an urban player?
V - may be polarised some benefit and some threatened by regen schemes
R - investment
What is the viewpoint and role of local communities as an urban player?
V - voice opinions
R - vote and form pressure groups
