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Regenerating places 5 > Gov. policy and regeneration > Flashcards

Gov. policy and regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

Give three examples of government approaches to policy affecting regeneration in the UK

A
  • Deregulation under the Thatcher government (1979-1990)
  • New labour (1997-2010)
  • Coalition government (2010-2015)
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2
Q

Describe the deregulation policies under the Thatcher government

A
  • Growth of financial sector (1986)
  • Conservative gov aimed to make London a global city
  • Any bank, financial advisor or individual could trade in shares (before - London Stock Exchange had a monopoly in all share dealings)
  • Barriers were removed to allow financial institutions to set up offices in London
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3
Q

Describe the New Labour policies 1997-2010

A
  • Pro-public sector and council housing
  • Pathfinder programme where places were chosen in the North to be demolished and rebuilt (controversial due to demolition of Victorian era buildings)
  • 39 areas selected for development as a deal with the communities for projects to be community led
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4
Q

Describe the coalition polices 2010-2015

A
  • Austerity: projects had to prove they would bring economic growth
  • 39 Local Enterprise Partnerships giving responsibility for deciding community priorities
  • City deal: focus on promoting economic growth cities had to bid for funding
  • Directly elected mayors
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5
Q

Name three main areas of concern for the government

A
  • Housing
  • Energy security
  • Ageing population and labour shortage
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6
Q

Why is housing an area of concern for the government?

A
  • Urgent demand
  • Increasing house prices
  • More single-occupancy
  • 1 million new homes needed by 2020
  • More builders needed
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7
Q

Why is energy security an area of concern for the government?

A
  • Controversy over hydraulic fracking
  • By 2020, 70% of gas will be imported
  • It is estimated that there is 37 million metres cubed of shale in N. England
  • £300 billion worth of oil and gas close to Gatwick
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8
Q

Why is an ageing population an area of concern for the government?

A
  • Migration increasing GDP
  • Extra taxes and production
  • Lower skilled people fill less desirable jobs
  • Immigration laws tightened especially BREXIT
  • In 2015, refugees accounted for 0.24% of the population
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9
Q

Describe the city deal scheme in Bristol

A
  • 40,000 jobs and £1 billion investment
  • W. England authorities to keep 100% of growth in business rates
  • Over 25 year period
  • Improvement of rail services and quicker bus transport
  • Public property board to manage up to £1 billion of the council assets and 180 land and property assets
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10
Q

Give four advantages of fracking

A
  • Access difficult-to-reach places for gas and oil
  • US significantly increased domestic oil production and reduced gas prices
  • Half CO2 emissions than coal
  • Could create thousands of jobs
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11
Q

Give some disadvantages of fracking

A
  • Substantial water usage increases transportation
  • Carcinogenic chemicals used can contaminate water source
  • Can cause earth tremours
  • Continued fossil fuel reliance
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12
Q

What is a flag ship project?

A

Large-scale prestigious projects such as the Olympic stadium and the new Heathrow runway

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13
Q

Why is the Bristol and Bath science park attractive for business?

A
  • Serviced offices
  • Safe and environmental transport provided
  • 16 miles from Bristol airport and 90 minutes from Heathrow
  • Renewable energy site
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14
Q

Give some examples of businesses at the Bristol and Bath science park

A
  • ‘Unify’ telecommunications
  • ‘Limepark studios’ design agency
  • ‘Willow DNA’ learning technology
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15
Q

What are the benefits of enterprise zones?

A
  • 100% of business rates are paid for, for the first five years
  • Simplified planning permission
  • Superfast broadband using tax money
  • Tax relief on machinery
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16
Q

What is the purpose of a science park?

A

Represent areas as attractive for investment by providing desirable and beneficial environments

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17
Q

What groups does regeneration cause tension between?

A
  • Areas that haven’t received regeneration e.g. Hartcliffe riots
  • Age groups e.g. London riots
  • Property developers and council when it’s not deemed fit for purpose
  • Residents and visitors
  • Construction phase e.g. Metrobus Bristol
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18
Q

Who pays for regeneration schemes? Give examples

A

Private sector investment - Southgate centre, Bath
Public sector - London Olympics
Private-Public partnership - Cabot Circus

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19
Q

Give an example of an urban retail strategy

A

1998 - Cribbs Causeway Mall
- last one built in the UK due to the doughnut effect
- free parking
- easy access to M4 and M5
2000 - Bristol’s CBD in decline due to doughnut effect
2008 - Cabot Circus regeneration
- Double the size of the Mall

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20
Q

Give an example of a sporting urban strategy

A

London Olympics 2012

  • £9.3bn paid for by ticket sales, TV sponsorship and post olympic sales of housing
  • Main features of the Park post 2012: West Ham FC , Orbit viewing platform, media centre
  • 800 housing units for people earning over £60,000 a year
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21
Q

Who were the stakeholders of the post 2012 Olympic stadium regeneration? (Urban strategy)

A
  • LLDC (London Legacy Development Corporation)
  • 4 boroughs including Newham and Tower Hamlets
  • Mayor of London
  • 207 local businesses employed 5000 people compensated to move house
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22
Q

Give an example of a cultural urban strategy

A

Bristol docklands

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23
Q

Cornwall:

  • (1) due to inward migration of retired population and outward of 16-29 age group
  • Penzance is (2) from London by the fastest train
  • Only (3)% of the profits from tourism stay in Cornwall
A

1 - Brain drain
2 - 5 hours
3 - 33%

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24
Q

Cornwall:

  • Poor transport links increases (1) costs reduces (2)
  • Weak (3) infrastructure slows economic growth
  • (4)% of all households in Cornwall live in areas ranked within the 25% most deprived nationally
A

1 - transport
2 - manufacturing
3 - transport
4 - 33

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25
Q

Cornwall:

  • (1)% of rural areas no longer have a village shop
  • Farming decline due to withdrawal of (2)
  • (3) limit quantity of fish the UK can take from the sea
A

1 - 72
2 - EU subsidies
3 - EU quotas

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26
Q

Give three rebranding strategies used in Cornwall

A

Farm diversification
Foodie restaurants
Outdoor pursuits

27
Q

Why does Cornwall qualify for regional aid from the EU?

A
  • Economically disadvantaged

- Affected by decline of the old economy

28
Q

What investor incentives are offered in Cornwall as an enterprise zone?

A
  • Council business tax paid for up to 100% up to a limit of £160k for up to 5 years
  • Planning free environment
  • Superfast broadband
29
Q

What is the Newquay Aerohub?

A

An enterprise zone at Newquay airport

30
Q

What were the hopes of the Newquay Aerohub?

A
  • Diversify economy

- Attract aviation investment for 700 high-value permanent jobs in the first year

31
Q

What evidence is there to suggest Cornwall rebranding is successful?

A
  • Many companies interested e.g. Bloodhound SSC

- Air Ambulance transferred base from Truro hospital

32
Q

What evidence is there to suggest Cornwall rebranding is not successful?

A
  • Only 450 jobs created but moved not new
33
Q

What is farm diversification?

A

The method by which farms expand into different industries to earn extra revenue and increase tourism e.g. Lobb’s farm which is now the second most visited attraction in Cornwall

34
Q

Describe Cornwall’s food image

A
  • Jamie Oliver’s fifteen restaurants based there
35
Q

Describe Cornwall’s arts and culture image

A
  • Du Maurier festivals

- Theatre, music and arts now available in the Hall in Truro

36
Q

How do Cornwall prevent brain drain?

A

University College Falmouth and Exeter have combined to to form Combined Universities of Cornwall for a wider range of courses and extra support for those who go on to open businesses in Cornwall

37
Q

Watergate Bay:

  • Employs (1)
  • Work is (2) and low paid
  • Not (3) in winter
  • Increases (4) and doesn’t emit (5)
A 
1 - 50-60
2 - fluctuating 
3 - lifeguarded
4 - tourism 
5 - pollution
38
Q

Watergate bay:

  • Does not diversify the (1)
  • Overcome’s Cornwall’s (2)
  • Doesn’t prevent (3)
A

1 - economy
2 - geographical isolation
3 - brain drain

39
Q

CUC:

  • Reduces (1)
  • Improves (2) prospects
  • Provides (3) employment
  • Develops a (4) economy
  • Makes good use of (5)
A 
1 - brain drain 
2 - quaternary sector 
3 - year round 
4 - knowledge 
5 - environment
40
Q

Wave hub:

  • Create (1) jobs
  • Expensive and (2) conditions
  • Improves (3) sector and opposes (4)
A

1 - 170
2 - fluctuating weather
3 - quaternary
4 - brain drain

41
Q

Super fast broadband:

  • Access to over (1)
  • Created (2) jobs
  • (3) companies
A

1 - 95%
2 - 2,000
3 - footloose

42
Q

Eden project:

  • (1) jobs created
  • (2) related jobs
  • (3) funding
  • £(4) and (5) million visitors
A 
1 - 650 
2 - 3,000
3 - 140 million 
4 - 1.1 billion 
5 - 13
43
Q

Describe Objective ONE funding

A

1/3 of new businesses fail in the first year so ONE match fund to reduce the risk by matching the capital (‘Pump-prime’)

44
Q

Describe the Lobb’s farm funding

A 
Family raised £20,000
Bank lent them £20,000 (total £40,000)
Matched by Cornwall council (£80,000)
Matched by South West Regional Development Agency 
Matched by EU ONE funding (£320,000)
45
Q

Lobb’s farm funding:
After ten years, the shop’s annual turnover is (1) with (2) employees and they only have to pay back the (3). ONE backed (4) projects in Cornwall

A

1 - £70,000
2 - 20
3 - bank
4 - 580

46
Q

Give three economic benefits of the 2012 Olympics

A
  • £13 billion added to national economy
  • £130 million worth of new contracts
  • Successful so they held other world events e.g. 2017 Athletics Championship
47
Q

Give three social affects of the 2012 Olympics

A
  • Broadened demographic base
  • UK not become healthier as a result
  • 2 primary schools, 1 secondary school and 9 nurseries
48
Q

Give three environmental affects of the 2012 Olympics

A
  • Zero carbon new housing
  • Good public transport and walking/ cycling lanes
  • LLDC sustainable vision for 2030
49
Q

Factors influencing perception of success:

  • MC
  • PPaA
  • PEoC
  • G
A
  • media coverage
  • personal perceptions and attachments
  • personal experiences of change
  • gender
50
Q

Factors influencing perception of success:

  • E
  • A
  • STDaC
A
  • Ethnicity
  • Age
  • Stance towards development and change
51
Q

What significantly happened to retail in 2008 because of Hammerson and joint venture partners?

A

Two of the largest retail-led city centre regeneration projects created in the UK (Highcross, Leicester and Cabot Circus)

52
Q

How many jobs were created and investment used for the Hammerson regeneration projects?

A

6000

£850 million

53
Q

What first time retailers were incorporated in the 2008 Hammerson projects?

A

Highcross - 73% of retailers and 85% of restaurants are new

CC - 75%

54
Q

How has the 2008 Hammerson project transformed city status?

A

Premier regional destinations

UK hierarchy moved Bristol up 7 places to 15th and Leicester up 11 places to 13th

55
Q

How were the 2008 Hammerson projects made environmentally sustainable?

A
  • 127 occupiers signed to a ‘Green Lease’

- Approx 88% of materials were recycled during CC retail fit-out phase

56
Q

How were the community involved in the 2008 Hammerson projects?

A
  • CC had an 18 month consultation phase
  • 76 organisations involved in planning stage
  • Public expeditions at HC, L generated 90% support
57
Q

Give some benefits to Bristol’s built environment due to Cabot Circus

A
  • 38 acre site back to economic use
  • Architectural variety
  • Restored two listed buildings
58
Q

Give some economic benefits of the Cabot Circus regeneration project

A
  • Re-invigorated entertainment economy with creation of two restaurant quarters and multiplex cinema
  • Re-positioning city’s national profile
  • 7,500 jobs in construction, retail and hospitality industry
  • £12.5 million investment in public art
59
Q

What is the viewpoint and role of the national government as an urban player?

A

V - long-term national goals take priority

R - planning permission and pump-priming

60
Q

What is the viewpoint and role of the local councils as an urban player?

A

V - duty to tackle inequality, balance economic, environmental and social needs
R - regeneration schemes and soft management

61
Q

What is the viewpoint and role of developers as an urban player?

A

V - Profit needed

R - Funding

62
Q

What is the viewpoint and role of local businesses as an urban player?

A

V - may be polarised some benefit and some threatened by regen schemes
R - investment

63
Q

What is the viewpoint and role of local communities as an urban player?

A

V - voice opinions

R - vote and form pressure groups

Regenerating places 5 (5 decks)

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