Regina part 1

Question 1

What is an ICP bolt?

Answer 1

An ICP bolt is used for continuous monitoring of a patients intracranial pressure and guides clinical decisions surrounding whether the patient needs treatments to reduce their ICP.

Question 2

What is the normal intracranial pressure?

Answer 2

7 to 15 mm Hg

Question 3

At what intracranial pressure is immediate treatment usually indicated?

Answer 3

20 - 25 Hg

Question 4

Which patients are indicated for an ICP bolt?

Answer 4

GCS of less than 8
An abnormal CT head
Evidence of brain swelling
When sedation interruptions to check neurological function cant be completed.
If neurological examinations are not reliable - maxillofacial trauma or spinal cord injury
If a decompressive craniectomy is performed.

Question 5

What are contraindications for an ICP bolt?

Answer 5

use of anticoagulant drugs, Bleeding disorders, Scalp infection or Brain abscess.

Question 6

What are common acute comorbidites of T1D?

Answer 6

DKA and hypoglycaemia.

Question 7

What are common chronic comorbidities of T1D?

Answer 7

Peripheral and autonomic neuropathy
Retinopathy
Heart disease (including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy)
Peripheral arterial disease
Cerebrovascular disease (including stroke and TIA)
Diabetic foot infections

Question 8

What does Wernicke’s area control?

Answer 8

comprehension of speech - posterior

Question 9

What does Brocas area control?

Answer 9

forming Speech - anterior

Question 10

What are common complications of an ICP bolt?

Answer 10

Infection – meningitis, ventriculitis, wound infection
Intracranial haemorrhage
Difficult device placement or device malfunction
Ventricular collapse – potentially leading to tentorial herniation

Question 11

What are the 3 types of ICP bolts?

Answer 11

External ventricular drain
Subarachnoid bolt
Epidural bolt

Question 12

What is a discectomy?

Answer 12

The removal of part of the damaged disc to relieve the pressure being exerted on a nerve

Question 12

What is an laminectomy?

Answer 12

the lamina is removed from a vertebra to relieve the affected nerve of the pressure

Question 13

What conditions indicate a decompression surgery?

Answer 13

Spinal stenosis, slipped disks, spinal injuries or metastatic spinal cord compressions.

Question 14

What are the risks of decompression surgery?

Answer 14

Recurrent or continued symptoms, infection, blood clots, dural tears, CSF leakage, facial sores and vision loss, nerve injuries and paralysis and death due to blood clots, blood loss or bad reactions to the anaesthetics.

Question 15

What are the symptoms of damage in the frontal lobe?

Answer 15

Lack of inhibition, impulsive behaviour, lack of judgement, disinterest, slow motor functions, reduced movement, loss of limb sensation, urinary incontinence

Question 16

What are the symptoms of damage to the parietal lobe?

Answer 16

Difficulty drawing objects, can’t identify left to right, problems reading, lack of awareness of space and body parts, can’t locate words for writing

Question 17

What are the symptoms of damage to the occipital lobe?

Answer 17

Difficulty locating objects, can’t identify colours, hallucinations, word blindness

Question 18

What are the symptoms of damage to the temporal lobes?

Answer 18

Epilepsy, aphasia, changes in self-image, personality changes, spatial navigation issues and reasoning changes

Question 19

What does the frontal lobe control?

Answer 19

movement
behaviour
problem solving
speech

Question 20

What does the parietal lobe control?

Answer 20

intelligence
language
sensation
reasoning

Question 21

What does the temporal lobe control?

Answer 21

Language
memory
hearing
emotion

Question 22

What does the occipital lobe control?

Answer 22

Sight and visual reception

Question 23

What does the cerebellum control?

Answer 23

Coordination and muscle control

Question 24

What does the brainstem control?

Answer 24

Breathing and swallowing

Question 25

what is a Foraminotomy:

Answer 25

This procedure enlarges the vertebral foramen, which is the opening through which the spinal nerves exit the spine. It aims to relieve nerve compression

Question 26

What are the 5 stages of critical thinking?

Answer 26

Formulate the question
Gather information
Apply information
Consider the implications
Explore other points of view