Regina part 1 Flashcards
What is an ICP bolt?
An ICP bolt is used for continuous monitoring of a patients intracranial pressure and guides clinical decisions surrounding whether the patient needs treatments to reduce their ICP.
What is the normal intracranial pressure?
7 to 15 mm Hg
At what intracranial pressure is immediate treatment usually indicated?
20 - 25 Hg
Which patients are indicated for an ICP bolt?
GCS of less than 8
An abnormal CT head
Evidence of brain swelling
When sedation interruptions to check neurological function cant be completed.
If neurological examinations are not reliable - maxillofacial trauma or spinal cord injury
If a decompressive craniectomy is performed.
What are contraindications for an ICP bolt?
use of anticoagulant drugs, Bleeding disorders, Scalp infection or Brain abscess.
What are common acute comorbidites of T1D?
DKA and hypoglycaemia.
What are common chronic comorbidities of T1D?
Peripheral and autonomic neuropathy
Retinopathy
Heart disease (including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy)
Peripheral arterial disease
Cerebrovascular disease (including stroke and TIA)
Diabetic foot infections
What does Wernicke’s area control?
comprehension of speech - posterior
What does Brocas area control?
forming Speech - anterior
What are common complications of an ICP bolt?
Infection – meningitis, ventriculitis, wound infection
Intracranial haemorrhage
Difficult device placement or device malfunction
Ventricular collapse – potentially leading to tentorial herniation
What are the 3 types of ICP bolts?
External ventricular drain
Subarachnoid bolt
Epidural bolt
What is a discectomy?
The removal of part of the damaged disc to relieve the pressure being exerted on a nerve
What is an laminectomy?
the lamina is removed from a vertebra to relieve the affected nerve of the pressure
What conditions indicate a decompression surgery?
Spinal stenosis, slipped disks, spinal injuries or metastatic spinal cord compressions.
What are the risks of decompression surgery?
Recurrent or continued symptoms, infection, blood clots, dural tears, CSF leakage, facial sores and vision loss, nerve injuries and paralysis and death due to blood clots, blood loss or bad reactions to the anaesthetics.
What are the symptoms of damage in the frontal lobe?
Lack of inhibition, impulsive behaviour, lack of judgement, disinterest, slow motor functions, reduced movement, loss of limb sensation, urinary incontinence
What are the symptoms of damage to the parietal lobe?
Difficulty drawing objects, can’t identify left to right, problems reading, lack of awareness of space and body parts, can’t locate words for writing
What are the symptoms of damage to the occipital lobe?
Difficulty locating objects, can’t identify colours, hallucinations, word blindness
What are the symptoms of damage to the temporal lobes?
Epilepsy, aphasia, changes in self-image, personality changes, spatial navigation issues and reasoning changes
What does the frontal lobe control?
movement
behaviour
problem solving
speech
What does the parietal lobe control?
intelligence
language
sensation
reasoning
What does the temporal lobe control?
Language
memory
hearing
emotion
What does the occipital lobe control?
Sight and visual reception
What does the cerebellum control?
Coordination and muscle control
What does the brainstem control?
Breathing and swallowing
what is a Foraminotomy:
This procedure enlarges the vertebral foramen, which is the opening through which the spinal nerves exit the spine. It aims to relieve nerve compression
What are the 5 stages of critical thinking?
Formulate the question
Gather information
Apply information
Consider the implications
Explore other points of view
