regents study guide part 2

Question 1

B) Key causes of (reasons for) the Latin American Revolutions:

Answer 1

1) The governments of Latin America were controlled by Peninsulares (people born in Spain and Portugal) who treated the people of Latin America poorly. Creoles (Europeans born in Latin America), Mestizos (mixed Europeans/Native Americans), Native Americans, and African slaves demanded more rights.
2) The ideas of the Enlightenment inspired the Latin Americans to fight for independence (self-government) and overthrow their unfair governments.
3) The American Revolution and the French Revolution inspired Latin Americans to fight for independence (self-government) and overthrow their unfair governments.

Question 2

C) Below is a list of leaders that helped gain independence (self-government) for the colonies of Latin America:

Answer 2

1) Simon Bolivar
2) Jose de San Martin
3) Miguel Hidalgo
4) Toussaint L’Ouverture
5) NOTE: All of these men are considered nationalists since they loved their nations and wanted to free them from European control.

Question 3

The Industrial Revolution (1700s-1800s)

Answer 3

The Industrial Revolution was the change from producing goods by hand to producing goods with machines in factories.
B) The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain (England) because it had many natural resources (i.e.- coal, iron, tin, lead, waterways) that are necessary to produce and transport goods. In other words, Great Britain had favorable geography.

Question 4

C) Key effects (results) of the Industrial Revolution:

Answer 4

1) Industrialization- Machines were used to produce goods in factories.
2) Urbanization- The growth of cities. People came to urban (city) areas to get jobs in factories. Many cities had severe pollution from the smoke that came out of factories.
3) Bad working conditions- Workers in factories worked in dangerous conditions for long hours and low pay. Young children were frequently hired and abused in these factories.
4) Formation of Labor Unions- Workers formed labor unions (organizations of workers) that fought to improve the pay and working conditions of workers.
5) Legislation- Governments eventually passed laws to set minimum wage and end child labor.

Question 5

D) Laissez Faire Capitalism (Market Economy)-

Answer 5

his was the economic system that was used during the Industrial Revolution (and that is still used in most of the world today). It was based on the following ideas:
1) Businesses and factories should be owned by individuals (NOT the government). 2) Business decisions should be made by Individuals (the government should NOT interfere).
3) Prices should be set by individuals (NOT the government) based on supply and demand.

Question 6

E) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Answer 6

1) These two men believed that laissez faire capitalism was bad. They argued that it allowed greedy factory owners to exploit (take advantage) of poor factory workers. They wrote a book called the “Communist Manifesto” that said the following:
a) All of history has been about class struggles (“Haves” vs. “Have-Nots”).
b) During the Industrial Revolution, wealthy and greedy factory owners
(Bourgeoisie) were taking advantage of the poor factory workers (the Proletariat)
to earn money.
c) The Proletariat should rise up, overthrow the bourgeoisie in a violent revolution, and eliminate laissez faire capitalism.
d) The Proletariat could then create a new kind of society where work and wealth was shared equally be everyone (and where social classes no longer existed).
2) NOTE: The ideas of Marx and Engels eventually became the foundation (basis) of Communism. Countries that became Communist (like the Soviet Union and China) were inspired by the writings of Marx and Engels.

Question 7

Introduction to Nationalism

Answer 7

A) Nationalism is a feeling of love, loyalty, and devotion to one’s country. Someone who feels this love, loyalty, and devotion is known as a nationalist.
B) Nationalism usually develops in areas where people share a common language, culture, and history.

Question 8

Unification of Italy and Germany (1870-1871)

Answer 8

A) Up until 1870, both Italy and Germany were NOT yet countries. Instead, they were areas that were divided up into many different states, each with its own government.
B) Due to feelings of nationalism, the Italian-speaking people of Italy wanted to combine their separate states to form one united nation with one government. Similarly, the German-speaking people of Germany wanted to combine their separate states to form one united nation with one government.

Question 9

C) Unification of Italy-

Answer 9

Italy successfully combined its separate states to form one united nation in 1870. This was achieved due to the efforts of 3 devoted nationalists:
1) Giuseppe Garibaldi
2) Giuseppe Mazzini
3) Count Camillo di Cavour

Question 10

D) Unification of Germany

Answer 10

Germany successfully combined its separate states to form one united nation in 1871 due to the efforts of one man:
1) Otto von Bismarck- He used a “blood and iron” policy (3 wars) to unify German lands.

Question 11

Nationalism in Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

Answer 11

A) Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were both large empires that ruled over many diverse (different) ethnic groups.
B) Due to feelings of nationalism, the ethnic minorities of these lands wanted to gain independence (self-government) and form their own nations.
C) Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were eventually broken up due to nationalist movements by these different ethnic groups.

Question 12

Nationalism in Ireland

Answer 12

A) In 1801, Great Britain (England) took over Ireland.
B) Potato Famine
1) 1845-1850- About 1 million Irish people died of famine (starvation) when the potato crop failed to grow.
2) Over 1 million Irish people migrated (moved) to the United States to escape the famine and find more opportunities.
C) Nationalism
1) Due to feelings of nationalism, many people in Ireland did not want to be ruled by Great Britain. They wanted independence (self-government).
2) 1921- Southern Ireland (mostly Catholic) gained independence from Great Britain. Northern Ireland (mostly Protestant) remained part of Great Britain.

Question 13

Introduction to Imperialism

Answer 13

A) Imperialism (also called colonization) is when a strong country conquers and takes over a weaker country. The area that is taken over is known as a colony.
B) During the 19th century (1800s), many European nations (also called Western nations) such as Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy took over lands throughout Africa and Asia.

Question 14

C) Causes of (reasons for) imperialism- The European nations imperialized/colonized lands in Africa and Asia for several important reasons:

Answer 14

1) Europeans wanted raw materials/natural resources (like coal, tin, iron) in order to make goods in their factories.
2) “White Man’s Burden”- This was a racist poem that encouraged Europeans to civilize (help improve) the people that they took over by teaching them European customs and religious beliefs (like Christianity). The poem referred to the people of Asia and Africa as “half devil” and “half child.”
3) Social Darwinism- This was the idea that it was natural for strong countries (like the European nations) to take over weaker countries (like nations in Africa and Asia).

Question 15

Imperialism in India, China, and Africa (1800s-1914): Effects (results) of imperialism

Answer 15

The Europeans generally had a very negative impact on the regions that they colonized (took over) in India, China, and Africa:
1) “Scramble for Africa”- Over 90% of Africa was taken over by European countries that scrambled (raced) to take over the continent.
2) China- After the British began smuggling opium (an addictive drug) into China, the Chinese fought back in the famous Opium Wars. After being defeated, China was carved up into spheres of influence (areas where trade was controlled by different European nations).
3) India- India was taken over by Great Britain (England) and ruled for almost 200 years.

Question 16

Imperialism in India, China, and Africa (1800s-1914): Rebellions

Answer 16

B) The people of Africa and Asia did not like being ruled by European nations. As a result, they fought many wars to kick out the Europeans (also called Westerners) and gain independence (self-government):
1) Sepoy Mutiny- Rebellion in which India tried (but failed) to gain independence from Great Britain (England).
2) Boxer Rebellion- Rebellion in which China tried (but failed) to gain independence from the various European (Western) nations that controlled them.

Question 17

Imperialism in Japan

Answer 17

A) From 1600-1854, Japan was largely isolated and wanted little contact with the rest of the world. B) 1854- Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States sailed into Japan in order to open up the country to trade. We wanted to do business with Japan.

Question 18

C) Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)

Answer 18

1) This is the period in Japanese history when Japan was ruled by Emperor Meiji. 2) NOTE: During this period, Japan began a rapid (fast) program of modernization and westernization.
3) Modernization- Japan industrialized (built factories, machines, roads, communications).

Question 19

Imperialism in Japan: Westernization

Answer 19

apan adopted the customs and techniques of Western countries (i.e.- Europe and the United States). Japan changed its government, military, education system, and technology to make it more like those of Europe and the United States. D) NOTE: As result of the changes made during the Meiji Period, Japan became a powerful and modern industrial country. Instead of being taken over by Europeans or the United States (the way India, China, and Africa were), Japan actually started to take over (imperialize) other countries.

Question 20

E) Japanese Imperialism

Answer 20

1) Now that Japan had factories, it needed natural resources/raw materials (like coal, tin, iron, and lead) to make products.
2) Since Japan had very few natural resources of its own, Japan took over Korea and part of China to gain these resources.

Question 21

B) Causes of (reasons for) World War I

Answer 21

The war took place for several important reasons. NOTE: You can remember the causes by just thinking of the word (M.A.I.N.):
1) Militarism- Countries in Europe (especially Germany and Britain) built up their armies and their supply of weapons in the late 1800s.
2) Alliances- Countries in Europe divided themselves into two military alliances (the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente) in order to prepare for war. This alliance system increased tension in Europe.
3) Imperialism- Countries in Europe competed with each other to take over lands in Africa, Asia, and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe). This competition increased tension.
4) Nationalism- Ethnic groups in the Balkans (Southeastern Europe) wanted to gain independence (self-government) from Austria-Hungary and they were willing to fight for it.
5) NOTE: World War I started when Archduke Ferdinand (the heir to the throne of Austria Hungary) was assassinated by Slavic nationalists in the Balkans.

Question 22

C) Treaty of Versailles

Answer 22

This was the Treaty that ended World War I. NOTE: The key thing to remember is that the treaty severely punished Germany in a number of ways:
1) Germany was forced to accept blame (guilt) for causing World War I.
2) Germany was forced to pay 30 billion dollars in war reparations (money for damages caused during the war).
3) Germany had to reduce (decrease) the size of its military.
4) Germany was forced to give up some of its lands.
5) NOTE: The Treaty of Versailles was so harsh on Germany that it eventually helped bring Hitler (and the Nazis) to power and it helped cause World War II.

Question 23

D) Key effects (results) of World War I:

Answer 23

1) In order to provide the people of Eastern Europe with self-determination (the right of ethnic groups to create their own governments), Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were broken apart and much of the land was used to create new nations in Eastern Europe (such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia).
2) Armenian Massacre- During World War I, the Turks of the Ottoman Empire attempted to kill all of the Armenians that lived in their territory. NOTE: This event is an example of genocide- the attempted extermination of an entire ethnic group. Genocide is
considered to be the ultimate violation of human rights.
3) Women in Europe eventually gained suffrage (the right to vote) since they had helped out during World War I by working in factories.

Question 24

Russian Revolution (also called the Bolshevik Revolution) of 1917

Answer 24

A) The Russian Revolution was an event where the people of Russia overthrew their Czar (king) and created a new government.

Question 25

B) Causes of (reasons for) the Russian Revolution

Answer 25

Like all political (government) revolutions, the Russian Revolution took place because the people of Russia were unhappy with their government. People were unhappy for several reasons:
1) World War I- Russia suffered many casualties (injuries and death) in the war. World War I also created food shortages at home (people were starving).
2) Czar Nicholas II- He was the ruler of Russia at the time. People thought that he abused his power by denying (taking away) the rights of the people.

Question 26

C) Bolsheviks

Answer 26

1) This was the radical (extreme) group that was leading the Russian Revolution.
2) The leader of the Bolsheviks was a man named Vladimir Lenin.
3) Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained the support of the Russian people by promising to provide them with “Peace, Land, and Bread.” This slogan meant that they would take Russia out of WWI, give land to peasants, and feed everyone.

Question 27

D) Effects (results) of the Russian/Bolshevik Revolution:

Answer 27

1) Czar Nicholas II was executed.
2) Lenin and the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia.
3) Russia became a Communist nation.

Question 28

Nationalism Between World Wars (1919-1939): Turkey

Answer 28

1) After World War I, the Ottoman Empire was broken apart. All that remained of Ottoman lands was the country of Turkey.
2) Kemal Ataturk- He was the first president of Turkey. He is considered a nationalist because he made many changes in order to strengthen Turkey:
a) Westernization- He imitated the customs and traditions of European countries (for example, people in Turkey were required to dress like Europeans).
b) Democracy- He helped establish democracy in Turkey by giving people a voice in government (even women were given the right to vote).
c) NOTE: Many Muslims resented Kemal Ataturk since he eliminated Islamic laws and created secular (non-religious) laws.

Question 29

Nationalism Between World Wars (1919-1939): Zionism

Answer 29

1) Zionism is the name for the nationalist movement of Jews.
2) Since Jews did not yet have their own country, the goal of Zionists after World War I was to create an official nation for Jews in the Holy Land (a region of the Middle East that includes the sacred city of Jerusalem).
3) NOTE: Jews and Palestinians (Arab Muslims) were fighting for the same territory.

Question 30

Nationalism Between World Wars (1919-1939): India

Answer 30

1) By the time World War I ended in 1919, India had been a colony of Great Britain (England) for almost 200 years. After World War I, India began to increase its demands for independence (self-government).

2) Mohandas Gandhi
a) He is the famous nationalist leader of India who fought for independence from Britain using only non-violent methods (also called civil disobedience or passive
resistance).
b) Salt March- Famous event where Gandhi protested British taxes on salt by
leading a peaceful march to the sea to make his own salt.
c) Boycott- Gandhi encouraged the people of India to boycott (stop buying) British products (like clothing) that were sold in India.

Question 31

Totalitarian Dictatorships

Answer 31

A) Totalitarian dictatorships are governments where one ruler has complete control over ALL aspects of life within a country. They control the political, social, and economic features of a nation.
B) After World War I, totalitarian dictatorships were established in 3 countries under 3 men:
1) The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.
2) Italy under Benito Mussolini.
3) Germany under Adolf Hitler.
NOTE: The Regents wants you to know that both Hitler and Mussolini were able to come to power because Germany and Italy were facing severe economic problems such as inflation (rising prices) and unemployment (many people had no job). The people of Germany and Italy believed that Hitler and Mussolini could solve these problems.

Question 32

All 3 totalitarian dictatorships had a number of characteristics (traits) in common:

Answer 32

1) Censorship- They ended freedom of speech in their countries. The governments strictly controlled the media (i.e.- newspapers, radio, and television) of their nation.
2) One political party- Only the political party of the dictators was allowed to exist. Stalin’s political party was called the Communists. Mussolini’s political party was called the Fascists. Hitler’s political party was called the Nazis.
3) People were expected to put the needs of the state (their country) before their own needs.
4) They eliminated opposition (people against them) by using a secret police force.
5) They used propaganda- Messages that were meant to influence the way people thought.

Question 33

Totalitarianism under Joseph Stalin

Answer 33

Joseph Stalin was the totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union (Russia)
1) He established a Command (or Communist) economy- This is an economic system where the government (instead of individuals) owns businesses, makes business decisions, and sets prices.
2) Five-Year Plans- Stalin tried to modernize (update) the industry (factories) and agriculture (farms) of the Soviet Union by setting economic goals every five years.
3) Collectivization- Stalin took over the individual farms that people owned and forced people to live on large government farms (called collective farms) that were owned by the government.
4) NOTE: Stalin took away food from the people of the Ukraine (an area of the Soviet Union) when they resisted (fought against) his program of collectivization. Millions of peasants in the Ukraine died of forced starvation.

Question 34

Events leading up to World War II

Answer 34

A) Japanese Aggression
1) Japan took over Korea, Manchuria (northeastern China), and much of Southeast Asia in order to gain natural resources/raw materials (like coal and iron).
2) Rape of Nanking- Brutal event in which the Japanese raped and killed Chinese civilians (non-soldiers) in the city of Nanking. It was a major human rights violation.
B) Italian Aggression- Benito Mussolini of Italy invaded and took over Ethiopia (country in Africa). C) German Aggression- Adolf Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles in a number of ways:
1) Hitler built up the German military and drafted soldiers into the army.
2) Hitler placed soldiers in the Rhineland (an area between Germany and France). 3) Hitler took over the neighboring country of Austria.
4) Hitler took over the neighboring country of Czechoslovakia.

Question 35

Events leading up to WWII, immediate cause and failures

Answer 35

D) NOTE: World War II took place mainly because very little was done early on to stop Hitler, Mussolini, or Japan. For example:
1) The League of Nations was an international organization created after World War I in order to prevent war. It failed to stop Hitler, Mussolini, or Japan from being aggressive.
2) Appeasement- This is a policy where an aggressive nation is given what they want by other nations in order to avoid war. At the Munich Conference in Germany, Great Britain appeased Hitler by giving him control over Czechoslovakia. This led Hitler to demand even more land.
E) NOTE: World War II started when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939. Three days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany.