regenerative medicine Flashcards

1
Q

what is regenerative medicine?

A

the idea you can replaced damaged cells in the body with stem cells

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2
Q

what does regenerative medicine link?

A

tissue engineering, biomaterials and stem cell therapy

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3
Q

what are the defining characteristics of stem cells?

A
  • Undifferentiated
  • Can divide indefinitely
  • Self-renewing – can replace itself and expand the stem cell pool
  • Give rise to progeny that differentiate into specialised cells
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4
Q

what is pluripotent?

A

can differentiate into cells derived from any of the three germ layers

naturally occurs in the embryo

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5
Q

what is totipotent

A

can differentiate into cells derived from any of the three germ layers or the placenta

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6
Q

what is multipotent?

A

can give rise to several specialised cells or tissues of an organism (often tissue-specific – occur within differentiated tissues like bone marrow)

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7
Q

what is oligopotent?

A

can generate a few cell types within a particular tissue

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8
Q

what is unipotent?

A

can produce only one cell type but still capable of self-renewal

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9
Q

what are haemopoietic stem cells?

A

multipotent stem cell that can give rise to bare cells

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10
Q

what maintains and defines stem cells?

A

by the environment produced by surrounding differentiated cells

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11
Q

what may differentiated cells do?

A

o secrete specific factors into the surrounding matrix

o communicate with the stem cells via gap junctions

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12
Q

what can changes in a stem cell niche cause?

A

may induce a stem cell to die, divide or differentiate

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13
Q

what is symmetric cell division?

A

produces 2 identical stem cells or 2 identical differentiated cells

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14
Q

what does assymetric cell division produce?

A

stem cell and differentiated cell

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15
Q

what are the ethical issues of using embryonic stem cells?

A

ethical issue of consent and killing the embryo

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16
Q

what are the layers of the gastrula?

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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17
Q

how are embryonic stem cells identified?

A

Immortality, clonality, undifferentiated and wide developmental potential

grow indefinitely in culture in the primitive embryonic state
• Maintain normal karyotype and expression of telomerase
• Presence of markers that are only found in undifferentiated cells
• Able to differentiate into a wide range of cell types in vitro and in vivo

18
Q

what is the advantage of embryonic stem cells growing indefinitely in culture?

A

unlimited supply permits meaningful experiments

give rise to clinically relevant numbers

19
Q

how does a pluripotent embryonic stem cell turn into a large quantity of pure, mature cells?

A

ES cell gets signal for commitment
turns into committed progentior cells
selection and expansion of these cells
then there are signals for growth and differentiation
turns into a large quantity of pure mature cells

20
Q

what are the challenges of ESC for transplantation therapies?

A
  • Purity/production problems – v expensive to generate cells on a large scale in a sterile environment
  • Cancer problems
  • Immunology problems
  • Ethics problems
21
Q

what is a teratoma? where are they found?

A

disorganised non-maligannt but aggressive growths consisting of tissue from 3 embryonic germ layers
• Usually found in ovaries and testis

22
Q

how are teratomas formed?

A

• Produced experimentally by the growth and differentiation of injected pluripotent embryonic stem cells.

23
Q

what are solutions for immune rejection in esc based therapy?

A

large banks of ES cells with as many MHC complexes as possible  v expensive tho

manipulation of histocompatibility genes in ES cells
replacement of hematopoietic tissue of patient with ES-derived cells prior to graft

immunosuppressive drugs or antibodies

therapeutic cloning

24
Q

how does therapeutic cloning?

A
  • Isolate cell
  • Remove nucleus from unfertilised egg
  • Initiate development of nucleus in the empty egg through an electric shock
  • Forms Blastocyst
  • Create embryo stem cell line that’s custom-made ES cells – pluripotent, immortal, genetically identical to the adult cell nucleus
25
Q

what are the advantages of therapeutic cloning?

A

• Ideal tissue for regenerative medicine because genetically identical to patient
o circumvents problem of tissue rejection
o model a patient’s specific disease

26
Q

what are the challenges of therapeutic cloning?

A
  • Percentage of successful clones is low – long time-frame to generate
  • Creating potential embryo (not fertilized) for research/treatment
  • Practical - source of oocytes? Should women donate for such research/treatments?
  • Slippery slope to reproductive cloning
27
Q

explain how reproductive cloning happens?

A
  • Isolate cell from the mother and remove nucleus
  • Remove nucleus from an unfertilised egg
  • Take mother’s nucleus and put it in the unfertilised egg  diploid oocyte
  • Diploid oocyte acts like a fertilised egg and is implanted into surrogate mother
  • Leads to a cloned mouse – genetically identical to starting mouse
28
Q

what are the ethics of reproductive cloning?

A
o Are humans playing God?
o Will embryo farms be around in the future?
o Will healthcare costs skyrocket?
o Is it morally right?
o Are embryos alive?
29
Q

what are clinical applications of ESCs?

A

trialled to cure blindness

30
Q

what are adult/somatic stem cells?

A
  • Rare, undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
  • Capable of differentiating to produce the major specialised cell types of the tissue
31
Q

what is the primary role of adult stem cells?

A

to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found

32
Q

why are adult stem cells considered multipotent

A
  • Can only make the kinds of cells in the body that they belong to
  • Multipotent bc they can make multiple types of specialised cells – but not ANY types of cells
33
Q

what are the advantages of adult stem cells for cell therapies?

A

no legal or ethical concerns

  • patient’s own cells –> no immunological rejection
  • wont lead to tumour formation
  • can learn how to repair ourselves –> avoid problem of cell transplant
  • proven to be theraputically effective in skin grafts (although skin grafts dont have the same function as normal tissue)
34
Q

what is bubble boy disease?

A

non-functioning immune system caused by mutated genes

35
Q

what therapy was developed to treat bubble boy disease?

A

o “Repair and replace” strategy
o Remove stem cells from a patient’s bone marrow
o Transfer a correct copy of the defective ADA gene.
o Replace cells

36
Q

what are induced pluripotent stem cells?

A

• Somatic cell is genetically reprogrammed by adding certain genes to the cell.
• Causes it to behave like an embryonic stem cell
- can be cultured in a lab

37
Q

what are the advantages of iPSCs?

A

no need for embryos, circumvents immunological rejection

38
Q

what are the disadvantages of iPSCs?

A

o Reduce risk of cancer
o Remove the requirement for viral integration
o Demonstrate long-term stability of re-programmed cells
o Improvement of technical efficiency

39
Q

how can iPSCs be used in research labs?

A
  • used in drug development and toxicity tests
  • used to study development and gene control
  • used for therapy –> bone marrow, nerve cells, heart muscle cells and pancreatic islet cells.
  • research tool, diagnostic tool and therapeutic assessment
40
Q

what is an example of iPSCs being used in drug development?

A

o Modeling Alzheimer’s Disease with iPSCs
o Reveals different cell stress phenotypes
o Differential drug responsiveness
o Step toward ‘personalised medicine’