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human development > development and sexual differentiation > Flashcards

development and sexual differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the parts to sexual development?

A

genetic sex - determined at fertilisation
gonadal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sexual characteristics

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2
Q

when is sex determined?

A

fertilisation

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3
Q

when do we develop male or female characteristics?

A

until week 6 or 7

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4
Q

how do the gonads appear when they’re indifferent?

A

genital ridges

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5
Q

where are primitive sex cords and how are they formed?

A

outside the ridges (formed by proliferating epithelium from ridge invades underlying mesenchyme)

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6
Q

what is the cloaca?

A

unseparated bladder and bottom end of the GI system (hindgut, anus, rectum)

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7
Q

what is the mesonephros?

A

embryonic kidney. Produces urine during fetal development and produces amniotic fluid.

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8
Q

what is the Wolffian duct?

A

takes urine produced from the mesonephros to the cloaca

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9
Q

what is the metanephros?

A

definitive kidney

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10
Q

what are the types of cells in the ridge?

A

primordial germ cells

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11
Q

what do PGCs form?

A

future gametes

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12
Q

when and how do PGCs migrate to the genital ridges?

A

start to migrate to genital ridges via GI system and peritoneum at week 4

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13
Q

what do the mesothelial cells form?

A

 seminiferous tubules - men

 ovarian follicles - women

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14
Q

what do the mesenchymal cells form?

A

supporting cells (connective tissue)

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15
Q

what are the mullerian ducts?

A

future female ducts

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16
Q

what are the wolffian ducts?

A

future male ducts

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17
Q

what do the mullerian ducts form?

A

the uterus, fallopian tuves, cervix and upper 1/3 of the vagina

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18
Q

what do the wolffian ducts form?

A

the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

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19
Q

what do the wolffian and mullerian ducts empty into?

A

common cloaca

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20
Q

what happens to the genital ducts in XX chromosomes?

A

Women keep Mullerian and get rid of the Wolffian in XX

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21
Q

what does the Y chromosome do?

A

ensures you produce testes from the gonadal ridge

ensures you produce Leydig and Sertoli cells

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22
Q

what do Leydig cells produce?

A

testosterone

can be turned into DHT

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23
Q

what do testosterone and DHT do?

A

 Testosterone maintains the Wolffian duct to join with the epididymis
 DHT helps with prostate, penis and scrotum development

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24
Q

what do Sertoli cells produce?

A

MIF (Mullerian Inhibitory Factor)

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25
Q

what does MIF do?

A

inhibits the Mullerian duct, causing it to shrink and disappear

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26
Q

what causes XY DSD?

A
  • Testosterone isn’t produced so Wolffian duct isn’t formed or isn’t formed completely
  • DHT might also not be made bc its made from testosterone  male external genitalia aren’t made so more female genitalia are made
  • MIF may still be produced  no Mullerian tube  No uterus, FP, cervix etc.
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27
Q

how does XY DSD present?

A
  • Patient presents as female with female external genitalia
  • Primary amenorrhea
  • No genital ducts/associated structures
  • Undescended testes as genetically male XY
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28
Q

what is the urogenital sinus?

A

general outflow

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29
Q

what does the genital swelling of the indifferent gonad become?

A

external genitalia

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30
Q

what is the gubernaculum?

A

ligament

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31
Q

describes what happens in weeks 7-8 of male development?

A
  • Mullerian duct degenerates and disappears
  • Wolfian duct becomes the vas deferens
  • Out-swelling becomes the seminal vesicles
  • Gubernaculum – important in the descent of the testes to the scrotum
32
Q

describe what happens in weeks 7-8 of female development?

A
  • Mullerian duct fuses in the midline to form the uterus, with the uterine tubes being the two ends of the Mullerian duct
  • Lower gubernaculum becomes ligaments that attach to the ovary and the labia, helping to support the uterus and ovaries in later life
33
Q

what happens in the 4th month of female development?

A
  • Ovarian ligament – upper gubernaculum which attaches ovaries to the uterus
  • Round ligament - caudal part of the gubernaculum goes down to the labia
  • Hymen separates the Mullerian duct from the urogenital sinus
34
Q

what does the ovarian ligament attach to?

A

upper gubernaculum which attaches ovaries to the uterus

35
Q

what does the round ligament attach to?

A

caudal part of the gubernaculum goes down to the labia

36
Q

what does the hymen separate/

A

separates the Mullerian duct from the urogenital sinus

37
Q

what are the causes of a double uterus or a bicornuate/unicornuate uterus?

A

o Incomplete fusion of Mullerian ducts inferiorly
o Incomplete development of ducts
o Failure of one of the ducts

38
Q

at 8 weeks, what structures do fetuses have?

A

genital tubercle
urogenital fold
labioscrotal fold/swelling

39
Q

what does the genital tubercle become?

A

clitoris in females

glans in males

40
Q

what does the urogenital fold become?

A

labia majora in females

shaft of the penis in males

41
Q

what does the labioscrotal fold become?

A

becomes labia minora in females and forms part of the scrotum in men

42
Q

what does a fetus become distinctly male or female?

A

week 12

43
Q

how do the testes descend?

A

• Attached via the gubernaculum – shortens and contracts and pulls on the testes into the scrotum

44
Q

what do the testes bring with them when they descend?

A

o Brings spermatic cord filled with vas deferens, fascia, cremaster muscle, transversus abdominis, internal and external oblique

45
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis?

A

serous fluid filled cavity in front of the testes. Essentially a pinched off part of the peritoneum

46
Q

what can happen if the testes remain in the abdomen?

A

sterility bc of the body heat

increases risk of testicular cancer

47
Q

how do ectopic testes occur?

A

Occurs when the gubernaculum passes to an abnormal location

48
Q

how does a persistent processus vaginalis occur?

A

• If communication between tunica vaginalis and the peritoneal cavity fails to close

49
Q

what is a persistent processus vaginalis?

A
  • Loop of intestine may herniate through

* Herniation passes through the deep inguinal ring and passes through the inguinal canal

50
Q

how is the common ejaculatory duct formed?

A

Ductus deferens joins duct of seminal vesicle to form common ejaculatory duct

51
Q

where does the common ejaculatory duct go?

A

penetrates through prostate to connect with urethra at seminal colliculus

52
Q

where are the seminal vesicles?

A

Coiled, sacculated swellings between bladder and rectum

53
Q

how are the seminal vesicles separated from the rectum?

A

Separated from rectum behind by rectovesical fascia and rectovesical pouch

54
Q

why are patients not sterile for 3-6 months after a vasectomy?

A

because sperm in the vesicles can still mature

55
Q

where is the prostate found?

A

sits under the bladder and surrounds the urethra

56
Q

what is the function of the alkaline fluid in ejaculate?

A

neutralises acid of the vagina
contains anticoagulant to keep seminal fluid liquid
contains glucose to supply the sperm

57
Q

describe the structure of the prostate

A

1 median lobe and 2 lateral lobes

58
Q

what transverses the prostate?

A

Traversed by urethra and ejaculatory duct

59
Q

what happens in prostatic hypertrophy?

A

o Enlarges esp. median lode – disturbs vesicular sphincter action and makes micturition difficult.

60
Q

what does cancer of the prostate affect?

A

lateral lobes of the prostate

61
Q

where are the ovaries found initially and where do they relocate to?

A

Superior lumbar region - Relocate to the lateral wall of the pelvis

62
Q

what does the cranial gubernaculum become?

A

ovarian ligament

63
Q

what does the caudal gubernaculum become?

A

round ligament of the uterus

64
Q

where does the ovarian ligament attach?

A

ovary to uterus

65
Q

where does the round ligament of the uterus attach?

A

Uterus to labium majorum via inguinal canal

66
Q

where does the pouch of douglas attach?

A

between the uterus and rectum

67
Q

why is the vesiculouterine pouch so narrow?

A

bc the uterus sits on top of the bladder

68
Q

what are the supports of the uterus and where do they attach?

A
  • Levator ani muscles and the perineal body
  • Sacrocervical ligaments - Fibro musc bands cervix to sacrum
  • Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments - Fibromusc from lat. Pelvic walls to cervix and upper vagina
  • Pubocervical Ligaments - 2 firm bands CT from pubis to cervix (either side of bladder
69
Q

what is the vagina?

A

Thin muscular tube extending backwards from vulva to uterus

70
Q

describe the structure of the vagina

A

• Upper half above pelvic floor, lower perineum
• Upper end of vagina pierced by cervix
o The lumen surrounding cervix divided into fornices
 Anterior,
 Posterior
 2 lateral

71
Q

describe the relations and supports of the vagina

A
  • Ant – bladder/urethra
  • Post – pouch of douglas, ampulla of rectum, perineal body
  • Lat – ureters,levator ani, urogenital diaphragm and bulb of vestibule
  • Upper –the transverse cervical, pubocervical and sacrocervical ligaments
  • Middle- the levator ani and the urogenital diaphragm
  • Lower – perineal body
72
Q

where are the ureters found?

A
  • Pass over the pelvic brim at bifurcation of common iliac arteries in front of the sacroiliac joint
  • Run on lateral walls of pelvis
  • Opposite ischial spine, curve anteromedially
73
Q

where do gonadal vessels originate from?

A

abdominal aorta or renal vessels

74
Q

where are testicular vessels found?

A

retroperitoneally around pelvic rim to deep inguinal ring

75
Q

where are ovarian vessels found?

A

in suspensory ligament of ovary

human development (20 decks)

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