Regenerating places - Theory Flashcards
What is a Reinventor city?
A city that has encouraged IT and digital media, higher wages, graduate workers and new businesses
What is a Replicator city?
A city that has replaced cotton mills with call centres and distribution centres and often employs workers with lower qualifications
What is social stratification?
When society is divided as an area doesn’t cater towards all social classes
What is Civic Engagement?
The ways that people participate in their community to improve the quality of life
What types of people are politically engaged? (2)
Elderly
Professionals
What types of people are not politically engaged?
DE social grade
What are 3 methods of measuring the need for regeneration?
Qualitative data
Quantative data
Media Portrayal
What is shared ownership?
Buying a proportion of the property and renting the other half through a housing association
What is the help to buy scheme?
Loan given to reduce the deposit required to buy a house for first time buyers in new builds
What is primary industry?
Extraction of raw materials
(eg. farming/mining)
What is secondary industry?
Manufacturing and processing of raw materials
iron works and manufacturing ect
What is tertiary industry ?
Service sector
tourism and banking etc
what is quaternary industry?
High tech research and development
What is Quinary industry?
knowledge management, consultancy etc
Why is there inequality within the UK?
- Transition to a post industrial economy has not been even across the UK and therefore there has been differences in pay and type of work
What is studentification?
When students cluster in certain areas of towns and cities.
What types of businesses grow due to studentification?
pubs and small shops
Why is there a high crime rate in Student areas?
The houses are easy to break into and there is usually a high amount of tech in the houses.
How many students live in Selly Oak Birmingham?
35,000
What is multiculturalism?
When people from different countries live near each-other
What is an enclave?
When communities form based on people from a certain country settling in one area
What is an aging population/ brain drain?
When all the young people move away as there are no job opportunities other than in tourism = means majority of people are elderly
What is gentrification?
When rich people buy previously deindustrialised areas and spend money renovating the houses
What is an impact of gentrification?
House prices rise so local people have to leave and social stratification occurs
What are physical factors why places change?
- Coastal erosion
- Climate change creates unpredicted flooding
- Eco buildings
What are reasons linking to accessibility why places change?
Improved railway and motorway
Allow rural areas to be accessable
More FDI
How has Llandudno changed over time?
Undergone some change. Remains reliant on Tourism. Demographic is elderly.
How has birmingham changed over time?
Was associated with secondary industry but now focuses on jewellery industry and tertiary industry. Now ranks 10th in terms of research.
Where in Birmingham has been gentrified?
Ladywood
Was previously the worst area for child poverty.
House prices increased by 17%
Benefits of gentrification (2)
Increases economic value of an area
Attracts rich people
Cons of gentrification?
Traditional communities cannot afford the rent - can lead to social stratification
Positives of studentification?
LT upskilling of work force as many students stay after their degree
What is the ethnic composition of Birmingham compared to Llandudno?
42% of ethnic origin compared to 6% in Llandudno
Positive of ethnic composition? (2)
Fosters diversity, tolerance and acceptance
Cultural exchange
Negatives of ethnic composition?
In Birmingham 16% do not have English as their first language - can cause social segregation and problems with services
What is an example of a successful city?
Berkshire (M4 corridor)
Since 2001 how much has Berkshire’s population increased by?
6.4%
From 2005 - 2011 how much did property prices increase by in Berkshire?
40% to 50%
What is a sink estate?
Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence drugs and gangs.
What do sink estates priorities include?
Enhanced sports facilities
Reduce crime and increase feel of community
Housing
What is a commuter village?
Settlements that have a proportion of the population living in them, but who commute our daily or weekly usually to large settlements
What are priorities of a commuter village? (4)
Building new houses
Invest in public transport
Better broadband
Better rail connections
What is a gated community?
Found in urban and rural settlements as either individual buildings or groups of houses. Have CCTV and security guards
What are priorities of a gated communities? (3)
Reduce crime
Increase security
Maintain a value of their property
What were causes of the 2011 race riots? (3)
- Government cutbacks to Educational Maintenance Allowance
- Urban deprivation
- High youth unemployment
How does international direction help investment?
Deregulation of capital markets since 1970s has made it easier for foreign companies to invest in UK infrastructure
How does migration policy help investment?
In 2004, 8 countries joined the EU and many moved to the UK including 1.2 million Poles.
What is the aim of Rebranding?
To sell a place to potential customers
What is regeneration?
Investment in an area, perhaps in the form of infrastructure or other elements. This will trigger cumulative causation.
What is re-imaging?
When an area is sold or advertised with new packaging to change the impression investors have.
What is cumulative causation?
Arises when a process is self-reinforcing and grows ever stronger, so that it does not equilibrate
How to measure economic success of regeneration? (3)
Income deprivation
Employment deprivation
Poverty
How to measure the social success of regeneration? (3)
Education
Reduction in deprivation
Health and disability
How to measure the environmental success of regeneration? (3)
Living environment deprivation
Reduced pollution levels
Reduction in abandoned land
