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A Level Geography > Health And human rights > Flashcards

Health And human rights Flashcards

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1
Q

Ways of measuring development

What is GDP? What is GDP per capita?

A

The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year.

The GDP divided by the number of people in the country.

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2
Q

Ways of measuring development

What is GDP per capita PPP based?

A

GDP per capita according to Purchasing Power Parity - considers the cost of living differences usually in comparison to the US.

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3
Q

Ways of measuring development

What is GNI per capita?

A

The total amount of wealth created by a country including from exports, divided by the population.

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4
Q

Ways of measuring development

What is the Human Development Index?

A

Set up by the UN in 1990. It is a socio-economic measure of development that considers GDP, literacy rate and life expectancy.

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5
Q

Ways of measuring development

What is the Happy Planet Index?

A

Combines the impacts of the natural environment with the well-being of people (life expectancy). It does not consider a strong economic component.

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6
Q

Ways of measuring development

What is the KOF index?

A

Measures the strength of links between countries using economic, social and political criteria. It indirectly measures development as the countries with the strongest links are likely to have developed through trade.

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7
Q

Reasons for variation in life expectancy in the developed world? With facts?

A

Differences in lifestyle - Over 42% of adult Americans are obese.
Cost of healthcare - Average cost for family in US = $22,000
Differences in deprivation - Over 20% of houses in Denmark are social housing

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8
Q

IMF

When was it founded? How many member countries? What is its aim?

A

1944
188
Aims to secure financial security and reduce global poverty. Recommends methods of self-improvement to countries in debt and offers loans.

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9
Q

WTO

When was it founded? How many member countries? What is its aim?

A

1995
161
Regulates global trade and promotes the removal of tariffs and trade barriers.

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10
Q

World Bank

When was it founded? How many member countries? What is its aim?

A

1944
213

Aims to alleviate poverty and provides financial assistance to developing countries.

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11
Q

How many UN sustainable development goals? What are 2,5,6 and 16?

A

17
2 - No hunger
5 - Gender Equality
6 - Clean water
16 - Peace and justice

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12
Q

When was the UN declaration of Human Rights published? How many articles? What is article 3?

A

1948
30
Right to life and liberty

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13
Q

When was the European Convention of Human Rights founded? How many nations? What are examples of what it does?

A

1950
47
Blocks the deportation of people to countries where they may be tortured, allows prisoners to vote, overturns abortion laws.

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14
Q

When was the Geneva Convention founded? How many nations? What does it do?

A

1949
196
Sets out the rules of war including: protection for civilians and medical workers, prohibiting torture and hostage taking. It IS legally binding.

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15
Q

Pros and cons of human rights in Canada? 2 each.

A

+ Torture is illegal
+ Have voting rights
- No Human Rights laws
- First Nation Reserves (indigenous people) do not have freedom of speech.

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16
Q

Reasons for variations in human rights:

A

Political corruption
Variations in education
variations in development
Religious reasons

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17
Q

When was the Human Rights Act published in the UK?

A

1998

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18
Q

How much was the UK gender pay gap in 2023?

A

14.3%

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19
Q

What measures corruption levels?

A

Corruption Perception Index

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20
Q

In 2015, what % of the countries assessed by the CPI had serious corruption problems? What did this lead to?

A

68% of 168
AN estimated financial loss of over $1 trillion a year.

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21
Q

What was the most corrupt country according to the CPI in 2023?

A

Somalia

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22
Q

When was the UN convention against corruption established?

A

2003

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23
Q

In Indonesia, how many children die before the age of 5?

A

40%

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24
Q

What is Sharia law? How many countries recognise it?

A

Islam’s religious law based on the Quran
15 including Afghanistan.

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25
Q

In Afghanistan what % of full time workers are women?

A

2.4%

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26
Q

Since when have the UN recognised the rights of indigenous peole?

A

1995

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27
Q

What proportion of indigenous women have experienced sexual assault?

A

1/2

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28
Q

What are 2 pros and cons of Bolivia’s human rights?

A

+ 2016 made it legal to change gender
+ have a minimum wage
- in 2018 there were 73 reported cases of infanticide
- In 2016, 6 disabled people were lynched

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29
Q

Development aid pros and cons

A

+ Countries usually develop
+ Targets most pressing needs
- Can cause reliance
- Can encourage corruption

30
Q

In 2015, how many people in Haiti were still living in tents from the 2010 quake?

A

85,000

31
Q

How many hot meals and hygiene kits did Christian aid provide Haiti with?

A

237,000 meals
10,000 hygiene kits

32
Q

How much development aid from the UN was embezzled by the Lebanese government?

A

$30 million

33
Q

Pros and cons of trade embargos

A

+ Severe economic implications can cause change
- Less money generated means that civilians could lose out
- Usually leads to democratic fall out

34
Q

What % of healthcare do Haiti rely on aid for?

A

Over 70%

35
Q

When was the US trade embargo imposed in Cuba?

A

1958

36
Q

How much did the US-Cuba trade embargo cost Cuba?

A

$685 million

37
Q

When was the US trade embargo lifted? by who?

A

2016 - Obama

38
Q

How much did the US Cuba trade embargo cost the US?

A

$1.2 billion

39
Q

Pros and cons of Military intervention

A

+ Forces a regime change
- Death
- Questions human rights of those intervening
- Expensive

40
Q

When did the US kill Osama Bin Laden?

A

May 2011

41
Q

How many US deaths from the war in Afghanistan?

A

2175

42
Q

How much did the Afghan war cost the US?

A

$100 million a year

43
Q

When did the US open Guantanamo Bay?

A

Jan 2002

44
Q

What did Edmund Burke say?

A

The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.

45
Q

How many civilians died in Afghanistan?

A

149,000

46
Q

In 2003, how many girls were enrolled in education in Afghanistan compared to 2018?

A

3% compared to 40%

47
Q

Pros and cons of military aid

A

+ can get aid to the most needed areas
+ helps a country defend itself
- aid may be given for political reasons

48
Q

In 2016, how many countries did the US provide military aid to?

A

63

49
Q

In 2016, how many UN troops deployed?

A

89,000

50
Q

Where did UN troops cause a cholera problem?

A

Haiti

51
Q

In 2016, how much aid was given to Israel if they gave self-determination to Palestinians?

A

$40 billion

52
Q

When was Hussain killed? How many Kurds did he kill?

A

2006
180,000

53
Q

Factors causing variations in global life expectancy? With facts?

A
  • Infant mortality - Afghanistan has 103/1000 death rate.
  • Healthcare - Costa Rica has 8.7 million people per hospital
  • Human Rights - Somalia
  • Corruption - Somalia
  • Food availability - Sudan
54
Q

How many oil spills in the Niger Delta in 2014?

A

550

55
Q

What % of oil from the Niger Delta is being stolen each year? How much are the US economically loosing out?

A

20%
$20 billion

56
Q

Which indigenous group are being displaced due to oil production in the Niger Delta?

A

Ogani people

57
Q

Ways to measure success of aid?

A

LT - Life expectancy increase
LT - Infant mortality change
ST - Economic growth
ST - Increased healthcare

58
Q

By 2018, what had Afghanistan’s life expectancy improved by?

A

56-64

59
Q

What is the Ebola mortality rate?

A

50%

60
Q

How many protective suits did NGOs provide countries affected by Ebola with?

A

530,000

61
Q

Social impacts of Climate Change (4)

A
  • Spread of disease in warmer and wetter climates
  • Indigenous groups loose their homes
  • Food shortages
  • Reduced public spending on healthcare
62
Q

How many countries signed the Paris agreement? How many had ratified it by 2016?

A

196
Only 17

63
Q

What are some human rights infringements in North Korea? (3)

A
  • Under section 58, anyone found using South Korean language can be sentenced to 6 years imprisonment
  • Kwanliso - the Korean term for illegal political prison camps
  • Forced child labour in schools
64
Q

When did the US invade Afghanistan? Why?

A

2001
To reduce the threat of terrorism - the Taliban were believed to be harbouring Osama Bin Laden

65
Q

When did the US invade Iraq? Why?

A

2004
Threat over nuclear weapons

66
Q

What are the problems for Shia people in Saudi Arabia?

A

According to a 2009 Human Rights Watch report, Shia citizens in Saudi Arabia “face systematic discrimination in religion, education, justice, and employment”.

67
Q

Why does nowhere intervene in Saudi Arabia?

A

Because of their resource potential - hold 16.2% of global oil

68
Q

What is an example of intervention failure?

A

Srebrenicia Massacre in July 1995 - 8000 civilians massacred by Serbs in an area deemed safe by the UN

69
Q

What are consequences of political corruption?

A

Inequalities
Shift in priority spending
Education not prioritised
Justice system infringed

70
Q

What is an example of lack of action for climate change?

A

Only 17 countries have actually ratified the Paris agreement. The US withdrew in 2016. They are the 2nd biggest global emitter.

71
Q

What is an example of social lack of action?

A

2021 Withdrawal of US/UK troops in Afghanistan led to the Taliban taking control. 1.1 million girls were left without formal education because of this.

72
Q

How does lack of action damage political development?

A

Encourages corruption - North Korea ranked 172/180 on the Corruption Perception Index

A Level Geography (30 decks)

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