Regenerating places

Question 1

What are the 4 employement sectors?

Answer 1

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.

Question 2

What is the primary sector?

Answer 2

Producing crops or raw materials

Question 3

What is the secondary sector?

Answer 3

Manufactoring products

Question 4

What is the tertiary sector?

Answer 4

Services (e.g. retail, tourism, healthcare, education).

Question 5

What is the quaternary sector?

Answer 5

Specialist finance, law, IT, biotechnology

Question 6

What has change has happened to the UK employement sector since the 1980s?

Answer 6

• A decline in primary and secondary sectors, known as the old economy, where jobs halved from 10 million to 5 million between 1980 and 2015.
• Rapid growth in tertiary and quaternary sectors, known as the new economy (or post-industrial economy), where jobs increased from 17 million to 28 million between 1980 and 2015.

Question 7

What caused the change in the UK in the 1980s?

Answer 7

Government policy to change the UK economy from one based on primary and secondary goods to tertiary and quaternary, because:
- Goods produced in the UK were more expensive than those from overseas
- The global shift of manufactoring to Asia made imported goods cheaper.

Question 8

What were the negative effects of the change in industry in the UK?

Answer 8

As mines and factories closed during the 1980s, well-paid, full-time jobs were cut, especially in northern England, Wales and Scotland.

Question 9

What were the positive effects of the chnage in industry in the UK?

Answer 9

Tourism and retail (tertiary) grew- due to increased leisure and car ownership, and cheaper air travel. These jobs are countrywide but most are seasonal, low paid and part time.
The Knowledge economy (quaternary) grew- high salaried jobs in finance, law and IT for well-qualified graduates. These jobs are footloose and so can locate anywhere. Banking and finance have located in areas such as London Docklands, attracted by low tax, good transport and broadband connectivity.

Question 10

How does income affect health?

Answer 10

In the 2011 census, 30% of those on the lowest incomes said their health was ‘not good’, compared to 13% on the highest incomes.

Question 11

How does jobs and earnings affect life expectancy?

Answer 11

Life expectancy in the highest occupational groups (men 82.5, women 85.2) is 6-8 years longer than in the lowest (men 74, women 78.5).

Question 12

How do incomes vary regionally?

Answer 12

There are more high earners in London because it’s the capital, so incomes are higher in quaternary employement and government. Those who work in the Docklands acknowledge they have much higher incomes than average. In London 58% of jobs are in the 3 highest income categories (out of 9) and only 22% of jobs are in the lowest 3.

Question 13

Where are the variations of quality of life?

Answer 13

Incomes are higher in London and the South East, but housing and other costs are higher.
- Personal happiness is based on where people feel happiest, housing affordability and quality of life.
- The happiest places are the most affordable.

Question 14

What are the variations of education?

Answer 14

The distrubtion of high GCSE grades varies, as does the percentage of those with university degrees.
- London has the highest rate of each (25.3% and 40.5% of people respectively) and north-east England has the lowest (17.6% and 24.3%).

Question 15

What were the effects of the last of the London Docklands closing in 1981?

Answer 15

• Between 1978 &1983- 12,00 jobs were lost- creating 60% unemployement in the Docklands
• The riverside environment was derelict
• Nearby, industries in the Lea Valley closed, having needed the orginal port for import & export.
• Between 1971 & 1981, the Dockland population fell by 100,000 as people left to seek work.

Question 16

What is London Gateway?

Answer 16

• Opened in 2013
• Lies 30km downstream from centeral London, and is the new port in London
• Needed due to the shift to manufactoring in Asia, which changed the economics of shipping. The biggest ships are the cheapest for transporting manufactured goods.

Question 17

What led to the closure of the orginal Port of London?

Answer 17

Container shipping led to the closure of the orginal Port of London in East London because the Thames was too shallow

Question 18

Why was reimaging needed in industrial cities such as Leeds?

Answer 18

The decline in manufactoring caused unemployment
- Inner-city areas (where industry had been) had a poor image with little potential.
- Falling investment led to a declining enviornmental quality, while crime rose sharply between 1975 and 1985 (burglary up by 68%, violent crimes up by 71%).
- Deprivation and ethnic tensions led to riots in 1981 in many cities e.g. Liverpool (Toxteth), London (Brixton)

Question 19

What did the conservative government do to rebrand inner cities?

Answer 19

From 1984, Garden festivals (and from 2000, Cities of Culture) were held in old inner cities to improve their image.

Question 20

Who planned the regeneration of the London docks?

Answer 20

A government agency, LDDC (London Docklands Development Corporation).

Question 21

What did the regeneration aim to do?

Answer 21

Encourage investment from property developers, architects and construction companies.
This process was called market-led regeneration- leaving the private sector to decide the future of the Docklands.

Question 22

What did the LDDC focus on?

Answer 22

Economic growth, infrastructure and housing

Question 23

What was the flagship of economic growth and why?

Answer 23

Canary Wharf, now London’s second Centeral Business District (CBD)

Question 24

What changes happened that boosted economic growth in London Docklands?

Answer 24

• High-rise offices (to attract quaternary employement) replaced the docks.
• The theory was that wealth generated from high-income earners would generate other jobs by ‘trickling down’ to poorer communites
• Most companies in Canary Wharf work in the knowledge economy, attracting 100 000 commuters daily.
• Employement has grown, but poverty is still present. In 2012, 27% of Newham’s working population earned under £7 per hour- the highest percentage of any London borough.

Question 25

What changes were made to London dockland’s infastructure?

Answer 25

New transport infastructure including extending the Jubilee Line and the Docklands Light Railway, and building new roads and London City Airport

Question 26

How has the Dockland’s population been transformed?

Answer 26

• Many older people retired to the Essex coast, replaced by a much younger generation. Newnham’s average age was 31 in 2011.
• Large-scale immigration since 2000 has increased the ethnic mix.

Question 27

How has London’s Dockland’s housing changed?

Answer 27

• In the 1980s, the Government introduced Right to Buy, giving council tenants the right to buy their home at a reduced price. This reduced the amount of social housing. Half of East London’s housing is now privately rented, and demand high prices. Lower-income earners have been forced out.
• Dockside warehouses have been gentrified and are expensive. Former working-class housing has been bought by middle classes.

Question 28

What problems still remain in London?

Answer 28

Despite regeneration, high levels of deprivation and poor health persist in Tower Hamlets and Newham.
- The most deprived areas are concentrated in the remaining social housing.
- Housing sold under Right to Buy programme has not been replaced with affordable housing, so more of people’s income is spent on rent.
- Tower Hamlets had London’s lowest life expectancy in 2012 (77 years).

Question 29

What do regions percieved as succesful like?

Answer 29

Tend to be self-sustaining as more people and investment are drawn to the opportunites created, both from inside the country and from other places.

Question 30

What negative externalities may result from sucessful places?

Answer 30

Overheated property prices, congestion on the roads and public transport, and skills shortages.

Question 31

What the perceptions of younger people living in sucessful places?

Answer 31

Younger people in high-earning jobs may enjoy the fast pace of life and extensive amount of opportunites offered by cities such as London and Manchester.
Unskilled people, lower earners and long-term unemployed may have a more negative view about their quality of life in sucessful places.

Question 32

Where would retirees favour to live?

Answer 32

Places offering a slower pace of life with pleasent climate, sheltered accommodation and good access to healthcare, such as Torquay in Devon. Younger adults may wish to escape these places.

Question 33

Sucessful rural areas: What have they seen?

Answer 33

Accessible and attractive rural communites have seen in-migration of young families, commuters and retirees.

Question 34

Sucessful rural areas: What has allowed more highly skilled professionals to live in attractive rural locations?

Answer 34

Transport and technology innovations, especially mobile networks, and government investment in high-speed broadband.

Question 35

Sucessful rural areas: What buisnesses are growing?

Answer 35

Much growth in smaller and micro businesses (under 10 employees), and home working is more important than in urban areas. Higher-value food products are booming, as are leisure and tourism.

Question 36

What is the intergenerational cycle?

Answer 36

Educational underachievement and poor health may be intergenerational, menaing passed on from parents to their children. Breaking the cycle or poor educational achievement is a key goal of decision-makers.

Question 37

What is a rust belt?

Answer 37

Refers to the concentration of problems associated with the loss of core employement and large scale deindustrialisation of manufactoring areas, characterised by derelict buildings.

Question 38

What are sink estates?

Answer 38

Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drugs and gangs.

Question 39

What is an example of a sink estate?

Answer 39

Barracks in Glasgow

Question 40

Declining rural settlements: How many rural schools and pubs closed between 2013 and 2017?

Answer 40

52 rural schools and over 1300 rural pubs.

Question 41

What are gated communities?

Answer 41

Found in urban and rural settlements as either individual buildings or groups of houses. They are landscapes of surveillance, with CCTV and often 24/7 security guards. They are designed to deter access of unknown people and reduce crime.

Question 42

Why might gated communites be built when gentrification occurs?

Answer 42

To segregate incomers from locals who are perceived to pose a threat.

Question 43

What settlements are they found in nowadays?

Answer 43

Where wealthier residents have a secure building perimeter wall or fence and controlled entrances for residents, visitors and cars.

Question 44

What are commuter villages?

Answer 44

Settlements that have a proportion of the population living in them but who commute out daily or weekly, usually to larger settlements either nearby or further afield.

Question 45

What are reinventor cities?

Answer 45

Cities that have changed their economic base succesfully bu encouraging IT and digital media, ahve higher wages, graduate workers, new buisnesses and productivity.

Question 46

What are replicator cities?

Answer 46

Cities that have replaced cotton mills with call centres and dock yards with distrubtion centres and are less sustainable. They tend to have a higher share of workers with low qualifications and a working age population claiming benefits.

Question 47

What is the distrubtion of reinventor and replicator cities?

Answer 47

30 out of 40 replicator cities are in the North, Midlands or Wales, and 11 of 16 reinventor cities are in the South.

Question 48

What is the negative multiplier?

Answer 48

A downward spiral or cycle, where economic conditions produce less spending and less incentive for buisnesses to invest (therefore, reducing opportunites).