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Geography > Regenerating Places > Flashcards

Regenerating Places Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the different job sectors

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary

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2
Q

what are the types of jobs

A

full-time/part-time
temporary/permanent
employed/self-employed

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3
Q

what are the spatial patterns of the socio-economic inequalities that have arisen within the UK

A

workers in London and South East England have higher average incomes, but housing and many other costs are also higher there.

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4
Q

define gentrification

A

the change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location.

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5
Q

what is the northern powerhouse

A

the northern powerhouse rail, is connecting the east to west infrastructure of the north

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6
Q

benefits of the northern powerhouse

A

linking and strengthen economies in the north, upgrading technology in the north, help to rebalance the UK economy

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7
Q

what are the factors influencing the productivity gap between the north and south

A

one of the factors cited as having caused this productivity gap is that government and universities spend more on research in the south-east of England

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8
Q

what is perception

A

a vital part of lived experience and affects how people engage with their place

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9
Q

define successful

A

tend to be self-sustaining as more people and investment are drawn to the opportunities created.

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10
Q

define replicator ciies

A

replace past industry with low skilled tertiary industries which limits economic growth

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11
Q

define reinventor cities

A

change their economic base by bringing in highly skilled tertiary industries such as IT and digital media

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12
Q

evidence for Sydney having economic success

A

Sydney has 50% of Australia’s top 500 businesses
high abundance of high income jobs

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13
Q

what is a sink estate

A

low-income groups needing social assistance from the rest of society

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14
Q

what is a declining rural settlement

A

Reduction in population in rural areas, leading to reduced services and government spending

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15
Q

what is the pattern of age in participation in the community

A

older people are more likely to engage in public groups, as they have more time to devote to these activities

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16
Q

what is the pattern of length of residence in participation in the community

A

the 2011 census showed that Cornwall had many short-term residents, engagement with communities is unlikely to develop in so short a period

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17
Q

what is the pattern of deprivation in participation in the community

A

influences voting and engagement- to quote news websites ‘ the poor don’t vote’

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18
Q

why do central governments become involved in regeneration

A

too expensive for private companies
develop national policies

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19
Q

why does the government support the development of fracking in the UK

A

it is more environmentally friendly and helps to reach environmental targets
as well as providing energy security as it reduces reliance on imports

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20
Q

why are people opposed to fracking

A

living close to a site will lead to increase in traffic congestion, seismic activity and water pollution

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21
Q

what are the different regeneration strategies

A

retail-led
leisure and tourism-led
culture-led
sport-led
rural diversification

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22
Q

deregulation

A

The removal of government legislation and laws in a particular market to lift barriers and restrictions within and between businesses.

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23
Q

what is HS2

A

A new high-speed rail network. It will travel between London and the West Midlands, operating at a faster speed than any current train in Europe.

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24
Q

what is the role of national government in regeneration

A

A key decision maker.
Wide ranging decisions– immigration policy
financing of large-scale infrastructure projects, e.g. HS2

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25
Q

what is the role of the local council in regeneration

A

Implement national strategy at a local level.
Involved in Grant planning permission, e.g. for Fracking.
Have a key role in liaising with the local community.

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26
Q

what is the role of developers in regeneration

A

Responsible for delivering any infrastructure. Have a motive to make profit from the project.

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27
Q

what is the role of the local community in regeneration

A

Within local communities some will oppose and some will not
This varies depending on many demographic characteristics
A key factor is whether they stand to gain or lose out from regeneration

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28
Q

what are the aims of deregulation

A

raised level of competitiveness between companies and therefore higher productivity, higher efficiency and lower prices overall

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29
Q

what are the oppositions to deregulations

A

environmental pollution, environmental quality, financial uncertainty and constraining monopolies

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30
Q

what is the purpose of local competition

A

competitiveness between local authorities to create attractive business environments for investors and workers. They develop local plans which designate specific areas for development

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31
Q

what is the importance local interest groups

A

Local interest groups play varying roles in regeneration policies. There are often tensions between groups that wish to preserve places and those that seek change

32
Q

what is retail-led regeneration

A

National and local governments tend to be heavily involved, authorities influence shop types, pedestrianized areas and alcohol-free zones.

33
Q

what is tourism and leisure-led regeneration

A

A very popular regeneration strategy, it can range from individual households offering B&Bs, custom-built private centers such as Center Parcs, purpose-built leisure complexes

34
Q

what is culture-led regeneration

A

This meets the demand from people wanting to visit places associated with famous authors, musicians and painters.

35
Q

what is sport-led regeneration

A

This can be used as a catalyst for longer-term regeneration and attracts inward investment and external funding as well as often creating new green spaces

36
Q

evidence for Sydney having social success

A

30% of workforce born overseas
ranked 10th for quality of life

37
Q

evidence for Sydney having political success

A

deregulation of banking and finance so any bank can operate

38
Q

how do differences in economic impact life expectancy UK

A

males in the most deprived areas expected to live 9 fewer years than those in the least deprived

39
Q

what has caused health inequalities in the UK

A

not by access to the NHS, but by lifestyle choices

40
Q

how do government policies influence places?

A

impacts of Brexit

41
Q

what are the variations in attitudes to economic and social change

A

cultural erosion to enrichment

42
Q

4 key stages in successful regions

A

bigger pool of trained labour+ high rates of employment
spending power increases with improved tax revenue
area functions as growth pole
new industries enter

43
Q

how can continuing success negatively effect a region and lead to a two-teir economy

A

high demand for housing= high property prices
workers in lower paid job cannot afford this
forced to leave
skill shortage can develop
investment needed to affordable housing

44
Q

how does a spiral of decline occur

A

closure of factory
causes long-term unemployment
out-migration of transferable skills

45
Q

what causes conflicting views

A

lack of political engagement
ethnic tensions
inequality
lack of economic opportunity

46
Q

what did the closure of factories lead to in Russel belt USA

A

median household income was 1200
reduces tax income
mens life expectancy 8 years below US average

47
Q

how much is the government currently investing into regeneration in UK

A

crossrail, estimated £17.8 billion

48
Q

successes of London Olympics

A

new jobs in construction and tourism have created a multiplier effect, over 20000 jobs by 2030

49
Q

tensions created by London Olympics

A

original plans originally had 50% of the housing as affordable, but local govs in the area wanted more expensive housing, as sale of theses would improve budgets
many locals had to leave

50
Q

what has urban rebranding in the Titanic Quater led to

A

in 2012 regeneration resulted in £105 million of additional tourism

51
Q

what has rural rebranding lead to in the bronte country

A

some farms has diversified away from farming to offering accommodation for tourists and leisure services

52
Q

positives of Salford Quays

A

BBC relocating some of its operation has supported 1000 businesses and creating 15500 jobs, contributing £1.5 billion to the local economy

53
Q

negatives of Salford Quays

A

all of the new jobs aren’t for locals, so high skilled are benefiting disproportionally to low skilled locals

54
Q

how does the eden project impact cornwall

A

brings 14.7 million annually
but only high skilled jobs created

55
Q

how does superfast broadband impact cornwall

A

creates 2000 jobs and generates £200 million per year, as well as overcoming Cornwall geographical isolation
cost 132 million

56
Q

what are the general characteristics of Hebden Bridge

A

steep hills with fast flowing streams
high rainfall
should be densely wooded

57
Q

what are the general characteristics of Canary Wharf

A

surrounded by the Thames, in the capital
originally marsh
would be several feet below water at high tide

58
Q

how has the function of Hebden Bridge changed overtime

A

marsh -> agriculture -> textiles -> tourism

59
Q

how has the function of Canary Wharf changed overtime

A

docks -> abandoned shipyard -> highest concentration of council housing in England -> office complexes

60
Q

how and why has Hebden Bridge population demographics changed

A

from working class to middle class ‘creatives’
took advantage of cheap and sometimes derelict buildings
mostly migrating from the south of England

61
Q

how and why has Canary Wharf population demographics changed

A

dock workers originally, 200000 moved when the docks shut
low-income households used council housing
to high-income, high skilled worker (relatively young)

62
Q

what changes have there been to economic wealth in Hebden Bridge

A

more people with level 4 qualification and above than the local and national average
house prices have continued to rise since 2000

63
Q

what changes have there been to economic wealth in Canary Wharf

A

housing changed from low-rent council properties to private properties (still pockets of high deprivation)
workers in the area earn 3 and a half times the average UK salary

64
Q

why has there been change in Hebden Bridge

A

gentrification

65
Q

why has there been change in Canary Wharf

A

gentrification
market-led regeneration
special planning policies and low corporation tax

66
Q

how have connections changed in Hebden Bridge

A

increased internet access, in what is a fairly remote area
links to urban centres, 30 min to Manchester city centre on the train

67
Q

how have connections changed in Canary Wharf

A

buses used to be the only public transport, it was also separated from the rest of London due to being an. insular island
soon to be on the cross-rail route

68
Q

how has the identity of Hebden Bridge changed

A

a thriving LGBTQ+ community, due to people finding a supporting community in Hebden, resulting in a thriving music, arts and creative scene
2010 ranked 6th on a diversity scale

69
Q

how has the identity of Canary Wharf changed

A

same number of people employed as before, but very different industries
average age= 31
in 2011, the country of birth was 45% UK and 42% in other countries

70
Q

how has the environment changed in Hebden

A

used to be swampy valley floor, however the river has been impound
deforestation of the valley sides has led to poor soils

71
Q

how has the environment changed in Canary Wharf

A

has gone from marsh lands to a built up urban area, with the second tallest habitable building in Britain

72
Q

how is Hebden impacted by the environment and how does it impact

A

several recent flooding events (boxing day 2015)
traffic congestion and poor air quality

73
Q

how is Canary Wharf impacted by the environment and how does it impact

A

0 waste to landfill since 2009
achieve net zero carbon by 2030
is built on water so may be vulnerable to rising sea level

74
Q

what are the challenges facing Hebden Bridge

A

a place dependent on tourism is potentially vulnerable
problem with second home ownership and airbnb purchases

75
Q

what are the challenges facing Canary Wharf

A

suffered greatly during Covid, passenger numbers significantly lower

Geography (9 decks)

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