Regenerating Places Flashcards
what are the different job sectors
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary
what are the types of jobs
full-time/part-time
temporary/permanent
employed/self-employed
what are the spatial patterns of the socio-economic inequalities that have arisen within the UK
workers in London and South East England have higher average incomes, but housing and many other costs are also higher there.
define gentrification
the change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location.
what is the northern powerhouse
the northern powerhouse rail, is connecting the east to west infrastructure of the north
benefits of the northern powerhouse
linking and strengthen economies in the north, upgrading technology in the north, help to rebalance the UK economy
what are the factors influencing the productivity gap between the north and south
one of the factors cited as having caused this productivity gap is that government and universities spend more on research in the south-east of England
what is perception
a vital part of lived experience and affects how people engage with their place
define successful
tend to be self-sustaining as more people and investment are drawn to the opportunities created.
define replicator ciies
replace past industry with low skilled tertiary industries which limits economic growth
define reinventor cities
change their economic base by bringing in highly skilled tertiary industries such as IT and digital media
evidence for Sydney having economic success
Sydney has 50% of Australia’s top 500 businesses
high abundance of high income jobs
what is a sink estate
low-income groups needing social assistance from the rest of society
what is a declining rural settlement
Reduction in population in rural areas, leading to reduced services and government spending
what is the pattern of age in participation in the community
older people are more likely to engage in public groups, as they have more time to devote to these activities
what is the pattern of length of residence in participation in the community
the 2011 census showed that Cornwall had many short-term residents, engagement with communities is unlikely to develop in so short a period
what is the pattern of deprivation in participation in the community
influences voting and engagement- to quote news websites ‘ the poor don’t vote’
why do central governments become involved in regeneration
too expensive for private companies
develop national policies
why does the government support the development of fracking in the UK
it is more environmentally friendly and helps to reach environmental targets
as well as providing energy security as it reduces reliance on imports
why are people opposed to fracking
living close to a site will lead to increase in traffic congestion, seismic activity and water pollution
what are the different regeneration strategies
retail-led
leisure and tourism-led
culture-led
sport-led
rural diversification
deregulation
The removal of government legislation and laws in a particular market to lift barriers and restrictions within and between businesses.
what is HS2
A new high-speed rail network. It will travel between London and the West Midlands, operating at a faster speed than any current train in Europe.
what is the role of national government in regeneration
A key decision maker.
Wide ranging decisions– immigration policy
financing of large-scale infrastructure projects, e.g. HS2
what is the role of the local council in regeneration
Implement national strategy at a local level.
Involved in Grant planning permission, e.g. for Fracking.
Have a key role in liaising with the local community.
what is the role of developers in regeneration
Responsible for delivering any infrastructure. Have a motive to make profit from the project.
what is the role of the local community in regeneration
Within local communities some will oppose and some will not
This varies depending on many demographic characteristics
A key factor is whether they stand to gain or lose out from regeneration
what are the aims of deregulation
raised level of competitiveness between companies and therefore higher productivity, higher efficiency and lower prices overall
what are the oppositions to deregulations
environmental pollution, environmental quality, financial uncertainty and constraining monopolies
what is the purpose of local competition
competitiveness between local authorities to create attractive business environments for investors and workers. They develop local plans which designate specific areas for development
what is the importance local interest groups
Local interest groups play varying roles in regeneration policies. There are often tensions between groups that wish to preserve places and those that seek change
what is retail-led regeneration
National and local governments tend to be heavily involved, authorities influence shop types, pedestrianized areas and alcohol-free zones.
what is tourism and leisure-led regeneration
A very popular regeneration strategy, it can range from individual households offering B&Bs, custom-built private centers such as Center Parcs, purpose-built leisure complexes
what is culture-led regeneration
This meets the demand from people wanting to visit places associated with famous authors, musicians and painters.
what is sport-led regeneration
This can be used as a catalyst for longer-term regeneration and attracts inward investment and external funding as well as often creating new green spaces
evidence for Sydney having social success
30% of workforce born overseas
ranked 10th for quality of life
evidence for Sydney having political success
deregulation of banking and finance so any bank can operate
how do differences in economic impact life expectancy UK
males in the most deprived areas expected to live 9 fewer years than those in the least deprived
what has caused health inequalities in the UK
not by access to the NHS, but by lifestyle choices
how do government policies influence places?
impacts of Brexit
what are the variations in attitudes to economic and social change
cultural erosion to enrichment
4 key stages in successful regions
bigger pool of trained labour+ high rates of employment
spending power increases with improved tax revenue
area functions as growth pole
new industries enter
how can continuing success negatively effect a region and lead to a two-teir economy
high demand for housing= high property prices
workers in lower paid job cannot afford this
forced to leave
skill shortage can develop
investment needed to affordable housing
how does a spiral of decline occur
closure of factory
causes long-term unemployment
out-migration of transferable skills
what causes conflicting views
lack of political engagement
ethnic tensions
inequality
lack of economic opportunity
what did the closure of factories lead to in Russel belt USA
median household income was 1200
reduces tax income
mens life expectancy 8 years below US average
how much is the government currently investing into regeneration in UK
crossrail, estimated £17.8 billion
successes of London Olympics
new jobs in construction and tourism have created a multiplier effect, over 20000 jobs by 2030
tensions created by London Olympics
original plans originally had 50% of the housing as affordable, but local govs in the area wanted more expensive housing, as sale of theses would improve budgets
many locals had to leave
what has urban rebranding in the Titanic Quater led to
in 2012 regeneration resulted in £105 million of additional tourism
what has rural rebranding lead to in the bronte country
some farms has diversified away from farming to offering accommodation for tourists and leisure services
positives of Salford Quays
BBC relocating some of its operation has supported 1000 businesses and creating 15500 jobs, contributing £1.5 billion to the local economy
negatives of Salford Quays
all of the new jobs aren’t for locals, so high skilled are benefiting disproportionally to low skilled locals
how does the eden project impact cornwall
brings 14.7 million annually
but only high skilled jobs created
how does superfast broadband impact cornwall
creates 2000 jobs and generates £200 million per year, as well as overcoming Cornwall geographical isolation
cost 132 million
what are the general characteristics of Hebden Bridge
steep hills with fast flowing streams
high rainfall
should be densely wooded
what are the general characteristics of Canary Wharf
surrounded by the Thames, in the capital
originally marsh
would be several feet below water at high tide
how has the function of Hebden Bridge changed overtime
marsh -> agriculture -> textiles -> tourism
how has the function of Canary Wharf changed overtime
docks -> abandoned shipyard -> highest concentration of council housing in England -> office complexes
how and why has Hebden Bridge population demographics changed
from working class to middle class ‘creatives’
took advantage of cheap and sometimes derelict buildings
mostly migrating from the south of England
how and why has Canary Wharf population demographics changed
dock workers originally, 200000 moved when the docks shut
low-income households used council housing
to high-income, high skilled worker (relatively young)
what changes have there been to economic wealth in Hebden Bridge
more people with level 4 qualification and above than the local and national average
house prices have continued to rise since 2000
what changes have there been to economic wealth in Canary Wharf
housing changed from low-rent council properties to private properties (still pockets of high deprivation)
workers in the area earn 3 and a half times the average UK salary
why has there been change in Hebden Bridge
gentrification
why has there been change in Canary Wharf
gentrification
market-led regeneration
special planning policies and low corporation tax
how have connections changed in Hebden Bridge
increased internet access, in what is a fairly remote area
links to urban centres, 30 min to Manchester city centre on the train
how have connections changed in Canary Wharf
buses used to be the only public transport, it was also separated from the rest of London due to being an. insular island
soon to be on the cross-rail route
how has the identity of Hebden Bridge changed
a thriving LGBTQ+ community, due to people finding a supporting community in Hebden, resulting in a thriving music, arts and creative scene
2010 ranked 6th on a diversity scale
how has the identity of Canary Wharf changed
same number of people employed as before, but very different industries
average age= 31
in 2011, the country of birth was 45% UK and 42% in other countries
how has the environment changed in Hebden
used to be swampy valley floor, however the river has been impound
deforestation of the valley sides has led to poor soils
how has the environment changed in Canary Wharf
has gone from marsh lands to a built up urban area, with the second tallest habitable building in Britain
how is Hebden impacted by the environment and how does it impact
several recent flooding events (boxing day 2015)
traffic congestion and poor air quality
how is Canary Wharf impacted by the environment and how does it impact
0 waste to landfill since 2009
achieve net zero carbon by 2030
is built on water so may be vulnerable to rising sea level
what are the challenges facing Hebden Bridge
a place dependent on tourism is potentially vulnerable
problem with second home ownership and airbnb purchases
what are the challenges facing Canary Wharf
suffered greatly during Covid, passenger numbers significantly lower
