Globalisation Flashcards
define globalisation
refers to the increasing interdependence of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services and capital across boarders
define remittance
a transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or hers home country
positives of globalisation
overall economic growth, aids economic development in LICs, cheaper and wider range of goods for consumers
negatives of globalisation
loss of sovereignty, cultural dilution, limits development in the poorest of places
define time-space convergence
with improvements in communication systems and methods of transport, time-distance diminishes (friction of distance is lessening)
how has transport facilitated globalisation?
improvements in infrastructure to allow larger and faster vehicles, both capacity and speed of types of transport have increased
how has telecommunications facilitated globalisation?
spread of infrastructure to reach more people, emergence of mobile technology
What is economic liberisation
Where governments lift restrictions on the way companies and banks operate, example is the city of london now is global hub for financial services
What is privatisation
The selling of state-owned assets to private companies
What is a special economic zone
An industrial area, often near a coastline, where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs
What is the A.T.Kearney index
measures economic intergration, personal contact, political engagement, technological connectivity
What is glocalisation
Refers to the changing the design of products to meet local tastes or laws
How can the size of TNCs be measured?
Foreign assets, market capitalisation and revenue
Benefits of growth in Asia
Investment in infrastructure, poverty reduction, increase in urban incomes and better education
Costs of growth in Asia
Loss of productive farmland, increase on unplanned settlements, pollution and health problems
Define global shift
Describes the international relocation of different types of industrial activity- especially manufacturing
Winners of the global shift
China(other emerging economies)
Wealthy elite
TNCs
Emerging middle class
Losers of the global shift
Rural China
Poor people in rich countries- low wage and low skill
Deindustrialised cities
Sub-Saharan Africa
What drives urbanisation
Rural to urban migration, natural increase
What types of migrants are attracted to global hubs
Elite international migrants, low-waged international migrants, internal migrants
Benefits of megacities
Cities often have lower levels of infant mortality and higher levels of life expectancy than rural areas
Social problems of megacities
Becomes a magnet for immigration, which becomes a particular problem when inward movement outstrips the pace of economic and social development
Environmental problems of megacities
In the megacities of the developing world, the highest levels of water pollution are in Dhaka,seoul,karachi and manila
What is a global hub
A highly globally-connected city
Economic benefits to the destination for international migration
Often fills undesirable posts, skills gains at little costs
Economic benefits to the source for international migration
Reduced unemployment, returning migrants bring back new skills
Economic costs to the destination for international migration
Costs of educating children, displaced local labour
Economic costs to the source for international migration
Loss of young labour, loss of skilled labour
what is Cultural diffusion
spread of cultural beliefs and social activities, the mixing of world cultures
what is Cultural erosion
the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularisation and diffusion of a wide array of cultural traits. results in the loss of indigenous people
what is Cultural imperialism
promoting the culture of one nation over another, one is larger and more economically powerful
who is responsible for the spread of global culture
TNCs, global media, migration, tourism
define global culture
refers to the influence of the US and Europe which has led to the emergence of a western influenced global culture
impacts of cultural diffusion
can change peoples sense of place, homogenisation of cultures, changing of diets
dentition of the model ecological footprint
a measure of human demand on the environment, measures the land required to produce all of our resources, and assimilate all of our waste
define localism
where there is a preference for ones own area. in the context of food, this means sourcing locally produced products. an obvious consequence is it limits interaction with other places
what are the 3 ethical consumption schemes
Fairtrade, supply chain monitoring, NGO action
identify the socio-economic benefits of local sourcing goods
supports new enterprises, meets local needs through local producing, reducing waste, pollution and environmental damage, reducing consumption by reusing items
strengths of fairtrade ethical consumption
offers guaranteed higher incomes for farmers and some manufactures, even if the market prices change
weaknesses of fairtrade ethical consumption
as the number of schemes grows, it becomes harder to ensure that money has correctly been distributed
strengths of supply chain monitoring
large businesses increasingly accept the need for corporate social responsibility
weaknesses of supply chain monitoring
the largest TNCs have thousands of suppliers; this increases the risk of branded products being linked with worker exploitation
strengths of NGO action
charity war on want South African fruit pickers, Tesco ended up threatening the supplier with using somebody else unless conditions improved
weakness of NGO action
have limited financial resources, this can limit the scale of want they can achieve, or reset on a slow process
define development
The use of resources to move from a low-technology, subsistence society, with poor standards of living; to a high-technology, industrial society with high standards of living, including an overall increase in income levels’
what is the difference between cultural diffusion and imperialism
imperialism is forced onto people with diffusion being more of a choice
it can be argued imperialism is a form of cultural diffusion
define international outsourcing
a business practice used by companies to reduce costs or improve efficiency by shifting tasks, operations, jobs or processes overseas to an external contracted third party for a significant period of time
what is censorship
the banning, or controlling of information in a society, either state-controlled or state-monitored
what environmental problems does globalisation cause in developed countries
leads to deindustrialised cities
which can have derelict buildings
leading to contamination of land
what environmental problems does globalisation cause in developing countries
rapid urbanisation where there is air pollution
resources can be exploited
what are the impacts of air pollution in China
1.6 million die every year
how much unused land does Glasgow have
1000 hectars, highest in Scotland
why are some countries ‘switched off’ to globalisation
physical environment
political
economic
example of a switched off place due to physical enviro
Scottish highlands, far away from both the UK + EU eco core
example of a switched off place due to political reason
North Korea has experienced dictatorship and mismanagement of resources
example of a switched off place due to economic reasons
Bangladesh had the 2nd lowest KOF score in 2016, so has difficulty engaging with external links
how has China helped the spread of globalisation
opened up SEZ, these led to economic growth and new zones were added in 1990
by 21st century SEZ created 30 million jobs (though are disparities as most growth is on the coast
in 2017 China was the 3rd largest recipient of FDI
what are the cultural impacts of gloablisation
change attitudes as economic motives take place may result in an undervaluing of traditional local values
degradation of ecosystems
what are the cultural impacts in Papa New Guinea
diversity of tribal culture has reduced
intermarriage and education of the young has resulted in a divide those who are traditional and those who have been influenced by the west
why are some people pro-globalisation
free markets reduce inequalities by job creation
increased wealth provides funding for protecting the natural environment
promotes democracy+freedom
why are some people anti-globalisation
poverty is created by those that are excluded from globalisation
rules are favored in those of the elite
eco change creates environmental risks
how are TNCs responsible for the spread of globalisation
brands are introduced to many countries
culture based on TNC home county beliefs
TNC employ many different people in many different countries
positives and negatives of changing diets in asia
pos
more varied diet
neg
expansion of farming=loss of natural farmland
lesser attitudes towards physical enviro
what have the trends been in economic development
early stages: developed countries increased their wealth, widening gap from developing
1980s: global recession slowed growth, allowing developing to catch up
new transport has boosted emerging
what is the global trend in inequalitites
in no country are women equal to men, in LICs girls will have limited education in HICs women earn less
income share in not evenly distributed
what are the tensions resulted from open borders
causes pressure on services
a feeling that gov has lost control
can lead to extremism
how can countries reduce the spread of globalisation
censorship
immigration control
trade protectionism
example of a country using censorship
China: tho is open to economic globalisation, the gov is closed off to other ideologies. citizens have their internet activity monitored
example of a country using immigration control
Japan: has strict control over immigration and businesses have restrictions on employing foreign workers.
why might Japan have to change its immigration control
because of an aging population and low birth rate
how is trade protectionism used by govs
gov made decide to protect its industries by imposing tariffs on imported goods, tho this is against WTO rules and may lead to retaliatory tariffs on exports
how is Canada protecting its culture and physical resources
5.6% of Canadas population are first nations people, their territory is often in or near where tar sands are located, they can often pressure and negotiated with the federal gov and companies wishing to exploit resources
benefits of recycling
makes earths resources last longer
reduces greenhouse gas emissions
reduces deforestation
costs of recying
0 waste is unachievable, as some cannot be recycled
some recycling tech is more expensive than extracting
lifespan of technologies needs to be improved
what are the recycling trends in the UK
in 2016, household recycling rates were 44.9% and the amount sent to landfill is decreasing annually
tho there are variations between local authorities
what players are responsible for the acceleration of globalisation
national govs
trade blocs
TNCs
what are the tensions created from globalisation
tensions over migration (free movement)
tensions over the environment
tensions over culture/ideology
tensions over resources
