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Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

define globalisation

A

refers to the increasing interdependence of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services and capital across boarders

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2
Q

define remittance

A

a transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or hers home country

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3
Q

positives of globalisation

A

overall economic growth, aids economic development in LICs, cheaper and wider range of goods for consumers

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4
Q

negatives of globalisation

A

loss of sovereignty, cultural dilution, limits development in the poorest of places

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5
Q

define time-space convergence

A

with improvements in communication systems and methods of transport, time-distance diminishes (friction of distance is lessening)

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6
Q

how has transport facilitated globalisation?

A

improvements in infrastructure to allow larger and faster vehicles, both capacity and speed of types of transport have increased

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7
Q

how has telecommunications facilitated globalisation?

A

spread of infrastructure to reach more people, emergence of mobile technology

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8
Q

What is economic liberisation

A

Where governments lift restrictions on the way companies and banks operate, example is the city of london now is global hub for financial services

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9
Q

What is privatisation

A

The selling of state-owned assets to private companies

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10
Q

What is a special economic zone

A

An industrial area, often near a coastline, where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs

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11
Q

What is the A.T.Kearney index

A

measures economic intergration, personal contact, political engagement, technological connectivity

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12
Q

What is glocalisation

A

Refers to the changing the design of products to meet local tastes or laws

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13
Q

How can the size of TNCs be measured?

A

Foreign assets, market capitalisation and revenue

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14
Q

Benefits of growth in Asia

A

Investment in infrastructure, poverty reduction, increase in urban incomes and better education

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15
Q

Costs of growth in Asia

A

Loss of productive farmland, increase on unplanned settlements, pollution and health problems

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16
Q

Define global shift

A

Describes the international relocation of different types of industrial activity- especially manufacturing

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17
Q

Winners of the global shift

A

China(other emerging economies)
Wealthy elite
TNCs
Emerging middle class

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18
Q

Losers of the global shift

A

Rural China
Poor people in rich countries- low wage and low skill
Deindustrialised cities
Sub-Saharan Africa

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19
Q

What drives urbanisation

A

Rural to urban migration, natural increase

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20
Q

What types of migrants are attracted to global hubs

A

Elite international migrants, low-waged international migrants, internal migrants

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21
Q

Benefits of megacities

A

Cities often have lower levels of infant mortality and higher levels of life expectancy than rural areas

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22
Q

Social problems of megacities

A

Becomes a magnet for immigration, which becomes a particular problem when inward movement outstrips the pace of economic and social development

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23
Q

Environmental problems of megacities

A

In the megacities of the developing world, the highest levels of water pollution are in Dhaka,seoul,karachi and manila

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24
Q

What is a global hub

A

A highly globally-connected city

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25
Q

Economic benefits to the destination for international migration

A

Often fills undesirable posts, skills gains at little costs

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26
Q

Economic benefits to the source for international migration

A

Reduced unemployment, returning migrants bring back new skills

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27
Q

Economic costs to the destination for international migration

A

Costs of educating children, displaced local labour

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28
Q

Economic costs to the source for international migration

A

Loss of young labour, loss of skilled labour

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29
Q

what is Cultural diffusion

A

spread of cultural beliefs and social activities, the mixing of world cultures

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30
Q

what is Cultural erosion

A

the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularisation and diffusion of a wide array of cultural traits. results in the loss of indigenous people

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31
Q

what is Cultural imperialism

A

promoting the culture of one nation over another, one is larger and more economically powerful

32
Q

who is responsible for the spread of global culture

A

TNCs, global media, migration, tourism

33
Q

define global culture

A

refers to the influence of the US and Europe which has led to the emergence of a western influenced global culture

34
Q

impacts of cultural diffusion

A

can change peoples sense of place, homogenisation of cultures, changing of diets

35
Q

dentition of the model ecological footprint

A

a measure of human demand on the environment, measures the land required to produce all of our resources, and assimilate all of our waste

36
Q

define localism

A

where there is a preference for ones own area. in the context of food, this means sourcing locally produced products. an obvious consequence is it limits interaction with other places

37
Q

what are the 3 ethical consumption schemes

A

Fairtrade, supply chain monitoring, NGO action

38
Q

identify the socio-economic benefits of local sourcing goods

A

supports new enterprises, meets local needs through local producing, reducing waste, pollution and environmental damage, reducing consumption by reusing items

39
Q

strengths of fairtrade ethical consumption

A

offers guaranteed higher incomes for farmers and some manufactures, even if the market prices change

40
Q

weaknesses of fairtrade ethical consumption

A

as the number of schemes grows, it becomes harder to ensure that money has correctly been distributed

41
Q

strengths of supply chain monitoring

A

large businesses increasingly accept the need for corporate social responsibility

42
Q

weaknesses of supply chain monitoring

A

the largest TNCs have thousands of suppliers; this increases the risk of branded products being linked with worker exploitation

43
Q

strengths of NGO action

A

charity war on want South African fruit pickers, Tesco ended up threatening the supplier with using somebody else unless conditions improved

44
Q

weakness of NGO action

A

have limited financial resources, this can limit the scale of want they can achieve, or reset on a slow process

45
Q

define development

A

The use of resources to move from a low-technology, subsistence society, with poor standards of living; to a high-technology, industrial society with high standards of living, including an overall increase in income levels’

46
Q

what is the difference between cultural diffusion and imperialism

A

imperialism is forced onto people with diffusion being more of a choice
it can be argued imperialism is a form of cultural diffusion

47
Q

define international outsourcing

A

a business practice used by companies to reduce costs or improve efficiency by shifting tasks, operations, jobs or processes overseas to an external contracted third party for a significant period of time

48
Q

what is censorship

A

the banning, or controlling of information in a society, either state-controlled or state-monitored

49
Q

what environmental problems does globalisation cause in developed countries

A

leads to deindustrialised cities
which can have derelict buildings
leading to contamination of land

50
Q

what environmental problems does globalisation cause in developing countries

A

rapid urbanisation where there is air pollution
resources can be exploited

51
Q

what are the impacts of air pollution in China

A

1.6 million die every year

52
Q

how much unused land does Glasgow have

A

1000 hectars, highest in Scotland

53
Q

why are some countries ‘switched off’ to globalisation

A

physical environment
political
economic

54
Q

example of a switched off place due to physical enviro

A

Scottish highlands, far away from both the UK + EU eco core

55
Q

example of a switched off place due to political reason

A

North Korea has experienced dictatorship and mismanagement of resources

56
Q

example of a switched off place due to economic reasons

A

Bangladesh had the 2nd lowest KOF score in 2016, so has difficulty engaging with external links

57
Q

how has China helped the spread of globalisation

A

opened up SEZ, these led to economic growth and new zones were added in 1990
by 21st century SEZ created 30 million jobs (though are disparities as most growth is on the coast
in 2017 China was the 3rd largest recipient of FDI

58
Q

what are the cultural impacts of gloablisation

A

change attitudes as economic motives take place may result in an undervaluing of traditional local values
degradation of ecosystems

59
Q

what are the cultural impacts in Papa New Guinea

A

diversity of tribal culture has reduced
intermarriage and education of the young has resulted in a divide those who are traditional and those who have been influenced by the west

60
Q

why are some people pro-globalisation

A

free markets reduce inequalities by job creation
increased wealth provides funding for protecting the natural environment
promotes democracy+freedom

61
Q

why are some people anti-globalisation

A

poverty is created by those that are excluded from globalisation
rules are favored in those of the elite
eco change creates environmental risks

62
Q

how are TNCs responsible for the spread of globalisation

A

brands are introduced to many countries
culture based on TNC home county beliefs
TNC employ many different people in many different countries

63
Q

positives and negatives of changing diets in asia

A

pos
more varied diet
neg
expansion of farming=loss of natural farmland
lesser attitudes towards physical enviro

64
Q

what have the trends been in economic development

A

early stages: developed countries increased their wealth, widening gap from developing
1980s: global recession slowed growth, allowing developing to catch up
new transport has boosted emerging

65
Q

what is the global trend in inequalitites

A

in no country are women equal to men, in LICs girls will have limited education in HICs women earn less
income share in not evenly distributed

66
Q

what are the tensions resulted from open borders

A

causes pressure on services
a feeling that gov has lost control
can lead to extremism

67
Q

how can countries reduce the spread of globalisation

A

censorship
immigration control
trade protectionism

68
Q

example of a country using censorship

A

China: tho is open to economic globalisation, the gov is closed off to other ideologies. citizens have their internet activity monitored

69
Q

example of a country using immigration control

A

Japan: has strict control over immigration and businesses have restrictions on employing foreign workers.

70
Q

why might Japan have to change its immigration control

A

because of an aging population and low birth rate

71
Q

how is trade protectionism used by govs

A

gov made decide to protect its industries by imposing tariffs on imported goods, tho this is against WTO rules and may lead to retaliatory tariffs on exports

72
Q

how is Canada protecting its culture and physical resources

A

5.6% of Canadas population are first nations people, their territory is often in or near where tar sands are located, they can often pressure and negotiated with the federal gov and companies wishing to exploit resources

73
Q

benefits of recycling

A

makes earths resources last longer
reduces greenhouse gas emissions
reduces deforestation

74
Q

costs of recying

A

0 waste is unachievable, as some cannot be recycled
some recycling tech is more expensive than extracting
lifespan of technologies needs to be improved

75
Q

what are the recycling trends in the UK

A

in 2016, household recycling rates were 44.9% and the amount sent to landfill is decreasing annually
tho there are variations between local authorities

76
Q

what players are responsible for the acceleration of globalisation

A

national govs
trade blocs
TNCs

77
Q

what are the tensions created from globalisation

A

tensions over migration (free movement)
tensions over the environment
tensions over culture/ideology
tensions over resources

Geography (9 decks)

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