Migration, Identity and Soverignty Flashcards
how have demands for labour changed nationally
people move from traditional rural economies to work in cities
example of demands for labour changing nationally
In China, many people are moving away from the central rural regions to coastal areas with large cities
how have demands for labour changed internationally
easier movement of people, through agreements or most countries having readily available work visas
example of demands for labour changing internationally
Schengen area agreement, abolishment of many internal borders in the EU, helping to fill job vacancies in other countries. over 14 million EU citizens now live in another member state
how many international migrants were there in 2019 and how did this compare to the growth of the world population
272 million
outpacing growth of the population
what does the number of international migrants in a country depend on
government policy
attitudes
level of engagement with global economy
what causes the changing patterns of migration and examples
changes in policy- German temporary open-door
job opportunities- asian migrant to Qatar for world cup
natural disasters- Haiti quake led to 300000 leaving Part-au-Prince
climate change- desertification
what does Japan need to maintain its economy and living standards
200000 immigrants a year
increased fertility rates
what caused the European migrant crisis
conflict in Syria (11 million left)
open immigration policies (Germany)
restrictive immigration policies (Turkey)
why does free movement = efficiency
access to cheaper goods
more workers
attract FDI for businesses
how does free movement affect national identity
no control over tax avoidance
concerns over cultural diffusion
changes in political ideology
no control to stop or restrict
why do people move within the UK
for higher life satisfaction
why have people from Mexico and central America moved to the us legally and illegally
poverty and violence
what factors affect assimilation
time spent in country
ability/speed of which they learn the language
level of education
ability to find a job
how has migration impacted the UK crime rates
increased, EU citizens are more likely to receive a caution, possibly due to hostility
how has migration affected the agriculture sector
help sector to grow and stabalise
how does migration from mexico impact the us
cost the US millions
many believe migrants are a drain on the economy, keeping wages low
what are the impacts of people moving away from mexico
mexican villages have lost 2/3 of the inhabitants, leading to a shortage of economically active people
why do some states not have full control over their borders
long borders, esp coastlines
conflict
how much is failing assimilation costing Germany
16 billion a year
why hasnt assimilation happened effectively in germany
have not been offered enough in terms of education, hence 2/3 of immigrant children can’t adequately read by the end of their 4th year
what is a nation state
a sovereign state of which most citizens are united
what are the characteristics of Iceland
ethnically homogenous
isolated region
try to prevent word from other languages entering Icelandic
what are the characteristics of Singapore
a key trade hub in the British empire
brings many ethnicities together
has 4 official languages
what factors influence borders
physical borders
historical events
colonialism
cultural characteristics
why would borders be contested
one state wanting to take over another
a desire to untie a culturally and ethnically similar population
desire to gain access to valuable resources
why is Russia invading Ukraine
does not see it as an independent nation as it was formally part of the soviet union
sees them joining NATO as a threat
how has colonialism had impacts of the Indian-Pakistan border
one of the largest forced migrations
let to conflicts in Kashmir as it is claimed by both countries
how did borders lead to the Rwanda genocide
following the Berlin conference, Germany established colonial rule, then Belgium took over after the first world war
they favored the tutsi minority (14%)
led to 800000 deaths
define nationalism
the identification with ones own nation and support for its interests
why did nationalism rise in India
the opposition to colonial rule helped bring Indians together despite the many cultural and ethnic differences, helped by the spread of the English language
what led to the ‘wind of change’
UK and other countries could no longer afford to maintain the empires they had created
why did new states struggle in the ‘wind of change’
British left without establishing a secure government
economies were constructed to supply raw materials to the empire and had not been industrialised
how has colonialism influenced migration
the Windrush generation- investment in infrastructure after war=job opp
as countries gained independence- Indian population brought to Kenya under threat after the British left
what does a tax haven do
encourage the uneven distribution of wealth in favor of more developed nations and TNCs
what is the attitude of IGOs towards tax havens
business tax provides governments with money for public spending
most govs seek investment from TNCs to generate income and employment
HICs have begun to take measures to reduce tax avoidance
what is the attitudes of NGOs towards tax havens
some people argue that companies are avoiding tax in the very countries that enabled them to earn wealth in the first place
how much does the Cayman islands tax and how much do they have in assets
0%personal tax income
in 2014- 1.5 trillion in assets
how much of the wealth do the richest 1% own
48%
what are the trends with growing wealth gaps
70% of the global population are living in countries where the wealth gap is growing
how did nationalizing resources help Bolivia
increased gas connections by 835%
reduced inequalities
what were the costs of the Vietnam war
1 million civilians dead
7 tones of US bombs
what were the costs of the Vietnam war
1 million civilians dead
7 tones of US bombs
why was the UN established
to reduce tensions that had previously led to the first and second world wars
why is the UN essential
protects human rights, delivers humanitarian aid, upholds international law
what are the limitations of the UN
cannot take strong stance against politically and economically powerful, such as human right violations in the Guantanamo detention centre
often security council members have different geopolitical interests so proposed interventions can be turned down
example of a success of the UN using direct military action
Sierra Leone
-helped to implement peace agreement
-disarmed more than 75000 ex-fighters
-destroyed 40000 weapons
example of a failure of UN using direct military action
Rwanda
-25000 peacekeepers removed
-800000 deaths
example of a success of the UN using economic sanctions
Iran
-trade sanctions applied due to suspicion of building nuclear weapons
- did stop the program but other players involved
what was the UN response to Russia’s annexation of Crimea
UN general assembly voted in favor of Crimea remaining part of Ukraine
what was the UN response to the US-led invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan war on terrorism
UN wanted to send WMD inspectors
how many governments has the US attempted to overthrow since 1945
40
what do IGOs promote
neo-liberalism as an ideology to deliver economic growth
how has the Antarctic treaty been important
the scientific research has been vital for recognizing and and tackling atmospheric environmental problems
what were the conditions for the 18 countries that had their debts cancelled
transparency of finance
savings had to be spent on poverty reduction measures
how much does Jamaica spend on debt repayments
twice as much as it does on education and health combined
what has the 1 billion dollar loan to Jamaica from the IMF led to
the economy has not grown since 1990
taken away economic sovereignty
pros of trade blocs
provides members with access to larger markets
improved efficiency as countries can specialise with what theyre good at= better use of resources
cons of trade blocs
importing/exporting outside of region can be expensive
require members to give up a degree of sovereignty over trade policies
what has the Montreal protocol done
prevented more than 280 million people from hazardous affects of UV radiation
98% of deteriorating substances removed
what is CITES
a global agreement to regulate or ban international trade of species under threat
why is the impact of CITES questionable
because the illegal trade of tigers is worth 19 billion every year
what is the MEA
studies ecosystems and reports on changes and likely environmental and human impacts
how much of natural habitats has been cleared for human life
1/2 the habitats
what does UNCLOS do
controls resource use in international waters
why is successful management difficult
not all countries will agree
if resolving a problem has economic costs then countries will be reluctant
how is globalism different from nationalism
nationalism values the success of ones own country over that of the worlds, globalism is where policies may not help an individual country but they allow global prosperity
how is national identity encouraged
education- passing on stories and traditions
sport- supporting England in the world cup
politics- promote national values
how does sport link loyalty and national identity
hosting the Olympics can promote national pride
the London 2012 ceremony promoted the monarchy and the industrial revolution
how does legal systems link loyalty and national identity
in the USA the first amendment ensures the freedom of speech
the UK has the magna carta which is believed to be the foundation of British values
how does landscapes link loyalty and national identity
English gov used the British landscape in the second world war to foster patriotic feelings
why is the idea made in Britain difficult
many assets are now foreign-owned
goods are assembled in the UK, but parts are made abroad
UK infrastructure is foreign-owned
how many vehicles did the British car industry make in 2015
1.5 million but few of these were made by British owned companies
what does westernization promote and how does it challenge national identity
promotes a distinctive view of the benefits of the capatalist model
challenges through dominance in entertainment, heavy influence in retail and social media
where were top 4 media companies in 2016 from
USA
how many accounts does Facebook have globally
3 billion
how does land ownership impact soverignty
many investment properties remain vacant, though this still means that property prices rise
many become gated communities
how many properties bought in London were registered in tax havens
2/3
how much did the American united fruit company own of Guatemala and what were the impacts of this
75% in the 1950s
helping economic growth and small farms turned to plantations
why is national identity complex
many states have a multinational population, so often individuals develop distinctive cultures from one another
why does Catalonia want independence
it is one of the most prosperous regions in Spain, counting for 1/5 of Spain’s economic output, but is not getting enough back from central gov
when would Europe support
if the applied to be in the EU, but this would take several years
why is there political tensions in the BRICs
have all undergone rapid economic growth but this has not been felt throughout the country. made worse by weak governance, meaning little control over corruption, pollution and crime
what were the drawbacks of Brazil hosting the world cup
did not increase unity
22 billion was spent on it, instead of alleviating social problems
another challenge of Brazils unity
unsure on how to include indigenous tribes into national life
what are the characteristics of a failed state
vast differenced between the wealthy political elite and the general population
any sense of national identity may be weak
low life expectancy and social unrest
why is Yemen considered a failed state and what are the impacts
military elites backed by different regional powers
8 million suffered famine
1 million victims of cholera
why is Somalia considered a failed state and what are the impacts
drought
civil war corruption
political ineffectiveness
8 million malnourished
