Regenerating places Flashcards
Primary
Raw materials e.g. agriculture, forestry and fishing
Secondary
Manufacturing and assembly process
Tertiary
Commercial services that support production and distribution e.g. insurance, transport, etc.
Quaternary
Industries providing information services (ICT, consultancy, R&D)
Deindustrialisation
Reduction/removal of industrial activity or capacity
Industrialisation
The development of industries on a wide scale in a region or country
Pre-industrialisation
A place that has not yet become industrialised
Post-industrialisation
The stage of economic development that follows industrialisation, moving into the service sector
Industrial
The manufacturing or technically productive enterprises
Quinary
The highest levels of decision making in an economy - e.g. executives/officials in governments, universities, healthcare, etc. concentrated in STEM employment
Clarke-Fisher model
Shows how the proportion of people employed in each sector changes as an economy advances
National average - manufacturing average by output area
9.10%
Birmingham output area (manufacturing)
11.58%, 38% in Langley Sandwell, 36% in West Bromwich Central
Swansea output area (manufacturing)
10.03%, 32% in Neath Port Talbot Sandfields, 29% in Aberavon
Professional, scientific and technical activities - national average output area
6.3%
Birmingham output area (professional, scientific and technical activities)
4.75%, 31% in Ladywood
Swansea output area (professional, scientific and technical activities)
3.70%, 20% in Oystermouth, 18% in Mayals
Which areas of the UK have the lowest and highest pay?
- Lowest pay = North East and North West, coastal regions
- Highest pay = South East, CBDs have higher pay than surrounding areas
Why are there regions of higher and lower pay in the UK?
- TNCs choose to locate in London and SE areas not only due to the legacy, but also due to their infrastructure
- Brain drain from lower pay regions to higher pay regions
- Coastal areas = seasonal/temporary employment
- SE has a higher tertiary/quaternary workforce than Northern areas, which are predominantly secondary industry, sometimes due to industrialisation (e.g. South Wales)
- Herefordshire - low pay due to rural areas, less job opportunities - brain drain to Worcestershire/Cheltenham
Health explanation
- There is a direct link between place, deprivation and associated lifestyles
- Despite fewer manual jobs today, those working long hours for sectors like building and agriculture or exposed to harmful chemicals will have a raised risk of poor health
- Variations in income can affect the quality of people’s housing and diets
What percentage of deaths was considered to be premature especially amongst deprived communities?
43%
Which area of the UK has the highest prevalence of cardiovascular disease? Which area has the lowest?
Highest = Scotland, lowest = South East England
Life expectancy explanation
- Longevity varies substantially between places, regions and between and within settlements, particularly larger cities
- Gender, income, occupation and education are key factors together with lifestyle choices (diet and smoking) affecting life expectancy
Average life expectancy in the UK for men and women?
Men = 77.2 years, women = 81.6 years
Life expectancy for men in Glasgow City vs East Dorset
Glasgow City = 72.6 years, East Dorset = 82.9 years
Education explanation
- Educational provision (supply) and outcome is unequal across the UK
- Outcome (examination success) is strongly linked to income levels
- Disadvantaged children many feel reluctant to carry onto higher education
In 2013, what percentage of working class white children (in poverty) achieved 5 or more GCSEs A* to C (including English and maths)?
31%
In 2014, the richest 1% of the UK population received what percentage of all income?
13%, and accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% of the population put together
The top 10% of employees earned over how much annually?
£53,000
The bottom 10% of earners earn weekly wages under £???
£288
What percentage did the South of the UK create in terms of growth output between 1997 and 2007?
37%
In 2008, ‘the South’ input increased to what percentage?
48% (increased to this % while all the other regions of the UK declined)
In Camden, what percentage of children live in poverty compared to 21% nationally?
34%
Function
The different roles a place plays for its community and surroundings. Some, usually large places, offer regional, national and even global function. Functions can however, grow, disappear and change overtime
Characteristics
The physical and human aspects that help distinguish one place from another, e.g. location, natural features, layout, land use, architecture, etc.
Traditional function of Birmingham?
Automobile industry
Traditional function of Leeds?
Textiles
Traditional function of Manchester?
Textiles
Traditional function of Sheffield?
Steel