Regenerating places Flashcards
Primary
Raw materials e.g. agriculture, forestry and fishing
Secondary
Manufacturing and assembly process
Tertiary
Commercial services that support production and distribution e.g. insurance, transport, etc.
Quaternary
Industries providing information services (ICT, consultancy, R&D)
Deindustrialisation
Reduction/removal of industrial activity or capacity
Industrialisation
The development of industries on a wide scale in a region or country
Pre-industrialisation
A place that has not yet become industrialised
Post-industrialisation
The stage of economic development that follows industrialisation, moving into the service sector
Industrial
The manufacturing or technically productive enterprises
Quinary
The highest levels of decision making in an economy - e.g. executives/officials in governments, universities, healthcare, etc. concentrated in STEM employment
Clarke-Fisher model
Shows how the proportion of people employed in each sector changes as an economy advances
National average - manufacturing average by output area
9.10%
Birmingham output area (manufacturing)
11.58%, 38% in Langley Sandwell, 36% in West Bromwich Central
Swansea output area (manufacturing)
10.03%, 32% in Neath Port Talbot Sandfields, 29% in Aberavon
Professional, scientific and technical activities - national average output area
6.3%
Birmingham output area (professional, scientific and technical activities)
4.75%, 31% in Ladywood
Swansea output area (professional, scientific and technical activities)
3.70%, 20% in Oystermouth, 18% in Mayals
Which areas of the UK have the lowest and highest pay?
- Lowest pay = North East and North West, coastal regions
- Highest pay = South East, CBDs have higher pay than surrounding areas
Why are there regions of higher and lower pay in the UK?
- TNCs choose to locate in London and SE areas not only due to the legacy, but also due to their infrastructure
- Brain drain from lower pay regions to higher pay regions
- Coastal areas = seasonal/temporary employment
- SE has a higher tertiary/quaternary workforce than Northern areas, which are predominantly secondary industry, sometimes due to industrialisation (e.g. South Wales)
- Herefordshire - low pay due to rural areas, less job opportunities - brain drain to Worcestershire/Cheltenham
Health explanation
- There is a direct link between place, deprivation and associated lifestyles
- Despite fewer manual jobs today, those working long hours for sectors like building and agriculture or exposed to harmful chemicals will have a raised risk of poor health
- Variations in income can affect the quality of people’s housing and diets
What percentage of deaths was considered to be premature especially amongst deprived communities?
43%
Which area of the UK has the highest prevalence of cardiovascular disease? Which area has the lowest?
Highest = Scotland, lowest = South East England
Life expectancy explanation
- Longevity varies substantially between places, regions and between and within settlements, particularly larger cities
- Gender, income, occupation and education are key factors together with lifestyle choices (diet and smoking) affecting life expectancy
Average life expectancy in the UK for men and women?
Men = 77.2 years, women = 81.6 years