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A-level Geography > Regenerating places > Flashcards

Regenerating places Flashcards

1
Q

Primary

A

Raw materials e.g. agriculture, forestry and fishing

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2
Q

Secondary

A

Manufacturing and assembly process

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3
Q

Tertiary

A

Commercial services that support production and distribution e.g. insurance, transport, etc.

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4
Q

Quaternary

A

Industries providing information services (ICT, consultancy, R&D)

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5
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

Reduction/removal of industrial activity or capacity

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6
Q

Industrialisation

A

The development of industries on a wide scale in a region or country

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7
Q

Pre-industrialisation

A

A place that has not yet become industrialised

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8
Q

Post-industrialisation

A

The stage of economic development that follows industrialisation, moving into the service sector

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9
Q

Industrial

A

The manufacturing or technically productive enterprises

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10
Q

Quinary

A

The highest levels of decision making in an economy - e.g. executives/officials in governments, universities, healthcare, etc. concentrated in STEM employment

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11
Q

Clarke-Fisher model

A

Shows how the proportion of people employed in each sector changes as an economy advances

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12
Q

National average - manufacturing average by output area

A

9.10%

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13
Q

Birmingham output area (manufacturing)

A

11.58%, 38% in Langley Sandwell, 36% in West Bromwich Central

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14
Q

Swansea output area (manufacturing)

A

10.03%, 32% in Neath Port Talbot Sandfields, 29% in Aberavon

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15
Q

Professional, scientific and technical activities - national average output area

A

6.3%

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16
Q

Birmingham output area (professional, scientific and technical activities)

A

4.75%, 31% in Ladywood

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17
Q

Swansea output area (professional, scientific and technical activities)

A

3.70%, 20% in Oystermouth, 18% in Mayals

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18
Q

Which areas of the UK have the lowest and highest pay?

A
  • Lowest pay = North East and North West, coastal regions

- Highest pay = South East, CBDs have higher pay than surrounding areas

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19
Q

Why are there regions of higher and lower pay in the UK?

A
  • TNCs choose to locate in London and SE areas not only due to the legacy, but also due to their infrastructure
  • Brain drain from lower pay regions to higher pay regions
  • Coastal areas = seasonal/temporary employment
  • SE has a higher tertiary/quaternary workforce than Northern areas, which are predominantly secondary industry, sometimes due to industrialisation (e.g. South Wales)
  • Herefordshire - low pay due to rural areas, less job opportunities - brain drain to Worcestershire/Cheltenham
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20
Q

Health explanation

A
  • There is a direct link between place, deprivation and associated lifestyles
  • Despite fewer manual jobs today, those working long hours for sectors like building and agriculture or exposed to harmful chemicals will have a raised risk of poor health
  • Variations in income can affect the quality of people’s housing and diets
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21
Q

What percentage of deaths was considered to be premature especially amongst deprived communities?

A

43%

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22
Q

Which area of the UK has the highest prevalence of cardiovascular disease? Which area has the lowest?

A

Highest = Scotland, lowest = South East England

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23
Q

Life expectancy explanation

A
  • Longevity varies substantially between places, regions and between and within settlements, particularly larger cities
  • Gender, income, occupation and education are key factors together with lifestyle choices (diet and smoking) affecting life expectancy
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24
Q

Average life expectancy in the UK for men and women?

A

Men = 77.2 years, women = 81.6 years

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25
Q

Life expectancy for men in Glasgow City vs East Dorset

A

Glasgow City = 72.6 years, East Dorset = 82.9 years

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26
Q

Education explanation

A
  • Educational provision (supply) and outcome is unequal across the UK
  • Outcome (examination success) is strongly linked to income levels
  • Disadvantaged children many feel reluctant to carry onto higher education
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27
Q

In 2013, what percentage of working class white children (in poverty) achieved 5 or more GCSEs A* to C (including English and maths)?

A

31%

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28
Q

In 2014, the richest 1% of the UK population received what percentage of all income?

A

13%, and accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% of the population put together

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29
Q

The top 10% of employees earned over how much annually?

A

£53,000

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30
Q

The bottom 10% of earners earn weekly wages under £???

A

£288

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31
Q

What percentage did the South of the UK create in terms of growth output between 1997 and 2007?

A

37%

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32
Q

In 2008, ‘the South’ input increased to what percentage?

A

48% (increased to this % while all the other regions of the UK declined)

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33
Q

In Camden, what percentage of children live in poverty compared to 21% nationally?

A

34%

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34
Q

Function

A

The different roles a place plays for its community and surroundings. Some, usually large places, offer regional, national and even global function. Functions can however, grow, disappear and change overtime

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35
Q

Characteristics

A

The physical and human aspects that help distinguish one place from another, e.g. location, natural features, layout, land use, architecture, etc.

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36
Q

Traditional function of Birmingham?

A

Automobile industry

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37
Q

Traditional function of Leeds?

A

Textiles

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38
Q

Traditional function of Manchester?

A

Textiles

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39
Q

Traditional function of Sheffield?

A

Steel

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40
Q

Traditional function of Liverpool?

A

Ship-building

41
Q

Traditional function of Swansea?

A

Copper and tin plate

42
Q

Studentification

A
  • Houses are converted to HMOs for students (gentrification), usually in residential areas, causing families and elderly to feel isolated
  • Leads to crime, poor hygiene and noise, which can scare original residents away (e.g. in Headingly, Leeds, many primary schools had to close due to a lack of families)
  • These houses were probably built in the 19th century and occupied by workers during the industrialisation period - due to their cheaper quality, this has allowed gentrification/studentification to occur in these areas
43
Q

Example of gentrification?

A

Notting Hill

44
Q

Multiculturism in society

A
  • Traditional buildings, e.g. places of worship
  • Amenities, e.g. shops for food and clothes
  • Traditional businesses/services
  • Mixed schools
  • Increased ethnic diversity
45
Q

What decade had Swansea Bay become the major centre of the petrol industry?

A

1960s - move towards a service sector economy

46
Q

In 2008, what percentage of working age residents were employed in Swansea?

A

70.7%

47
Q

Between 2001-2006, what percentage had employment in Swansea grown by?

A

16.2%

48
Q

What ranking does Swansea have in terms of largest retail centre (in the UK)?

A

18th largest

49
Q

Between 1948-1966, unemployment in Birmingham rarely exceeded what percentage?

A

1%

50
Q

In 1961, household incomes in the West Midlands were what percentage above national average?

A

13%

51
Q

In 2008, Birmingham was ranked __ in the world in terms of economy

A

72nd

52
Q

According to the Mercer Index of Worldwide Standards of Living, Birmingham was the __ most liveable city in the world in 2010

A

52nd

53
Q

In 2012, Birmingham had a trade deficit of how much?

A

£5.6 billion

54
Q

In 2013, the West Midlands region created UK exports in goods worth how much?

A

£19.6 billion

55
Q

In 2013, Birmingham was ranked __ in terms of quality of life in the UK

A

10th

56
Q

In 2013, GVA was how much in Birmingham?

A

£24.1 billion - accounts for 21.8% of the West Midlands GVA and 1.6% of the UK’s GVA

57
Q

How can the demography of an area change?

A
  • Aging population - leads to elderly-based areas
  • Growing middle class - leads to local economies growing, more FDI
  • Globalisation - leads to a more diverse population, more cultures are integrated into society
58
Q

What fraction of Birmingham’s population was born overseas?

A

1/5

59
Q

What percentage of Birmingham’s population are from ethnic groups other than white

A

42%

60
Q

What percentage in Birmingham do not have English as their first language?

A

16%

61
Q

What percentage of Birmingham’s population is under 45?

A

66% - migrants have lowered the average age

62
Q

What percentage of Swansea’s population are white?

A

94% (around 224,700 people)

63
Q

The proportion of non-white ethnic groups in Swansea has increased from __% in 2001 to __% in 2011

A

2.2% in 2001 (around 4800 people) to 6.0% in 2011 (2052 people) (?)

64
Q

What are the largest non-white ethnic groups in Swansea?

A

Chinese (2052 people, 0.9%), Bangladeshi (1944, 0.8%)

65
Q

In 2011, what percentage of Swansea’s population was born outside the UK?

A

7.2% (17,233 people)

66
Q

Geographers measure changes within places using 4 key methods:

A
  1. Land use changes
  2. Employment trends
  3. Demographic changes
  4. Levels of deprivation
67
Q

How many customers did Birmingham Airport serve in 2017? How many airlines operate there?

A
  • It served 12.9 million customers, making it the 7th busiest airport in the UK
  • 35 airlines
68
Q

What is Wales’ tallest building?

A

The Tower, Meridian Quay, Swansea (107m)

69
Q

What is the largest city-based retail establishment in the UK? How many customers does it draw in every year?

A
  • The Bullring, Birmingham

- 38 million customers per year

70
Q

Which motorways is Birmingham connected to?

A

M5, M6, M20, M42

71
Q

How many countries are expected to participate in the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham?

A

72

72
Q

How much is the tourism industry to Swansea and the Gower worth?

A

£417 million a year

73
Q

Who is the mayor of Birmingham and what party do they represent?

A

Mohammed Azim, Labour party

74
Q

Who is the mayor of Swansea and what party do they represent?

A

Peter Black, Liberal Democrats

75
Q

How is Birmingham connected to London and the North?

A

HS2

76
Q

What projects are occurring in Swansea?

A

Large scale regeneration in the SA1 region, a 3500 seater arena costing £100 million is being planned, overhauling the old St. David’s centre (the project is expected to boost the economy by £40 million a year)

77
Q

Which city is home to the DVLA: Swansea or Birmingham?

A

Swansea

78
Q

Which city hosts a festival of music and art every autumn: Swansea or Birmingham?

A

Swansea, hosted in Brangwyn hall

79
Q

Features of ‘successful places’

A
  • Low deprivation
  • Skill shortages
  • High employment
  • High property prices
  • Inward migration
80
Q

What is the M4 Corridor?

A

Major route that connects Wales to the UK (Swansea to London)

81
Q

Agglomeration

A
  • When companies locate next to each other for mutual benefits (e.g. share workforce, expertise, materials, etc.)
  • Originally, this occurred due to transport costs being so high
82
Q

How much has the population of West Berkshire and Slough increased by since 2001 according to the 2011 census?

A

Since 2001, the population in West Berkshire has increased by 6.4%, and in Slough by 16.3%

83
Q

Which headquarters does the Slough Trading Estate host?

A

TNCs such as O₂ and Dulux Paints

84
Q

Which companies are based in Newbury?

A

NfER, Vodafone and BayerAG (a pharmaceuticals company)

85
Q

Which companies does Bracknell host UK headquarters to?

A

Waitrose and BMW

86
Q

How many more well-qualified workers is Berkshire expected to need by 2020?

A

70,000

87
Q

How many workers had companies along the M4 Corridor recruited from outside the EU in 2011?

A

Between 7000 and 11,000

88
Q

According to Zoopla, by how much have property prices risen by in Berkshire from 2005? (%)

A

By 40-50%

89
Q

In September 2015, what was the price of a 6-bedroom property in Berkshire?

A

In excess of 2 million (not all, only some)

90
Q

Property prices in Berkshire are out of reach for what percentage of the the working age population?

A

20%

91
Q

According to the 2015 Index of Multiple Deprivation, what percentage of Thames Valley Berkshire Local Enterprise Partnership neighbourhoods were in the most deprived 10% of national areas?

A

0.4%

92
Q

Which villages in Berkshire have an increasing elderly population?

A

Lambourn and Aldermaston

93
Q

What is a sink estate?

A

Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drugs and gang warfare

94
Q

Example of a sink estate?

A

Hulme (1990s)

  • In 1991, unemployment was 39%
  • 60% were dependent on income support
  • 74% left education
  • 81% had no car
95
Q

What is a commuter village?

A

A populated area that is primarily residential, rather than commercial or industrial. People who live in commuter villages usually work in other places

96
Q

Example of a commuter village?

A

Bishops Cleeve

  • Population increase from 400 (1990) to 15,000 (2012)
  • 3.3 million from Cheltenham
  • Cleeve Secondary school opened in 1956
  • Homeland’s Farm - built 450 homes
  • Smiths industries moved in 1950s
97
Q

What is a gated community?

A

A gated community is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterised by a closed perimeter of walls and fences

98
Q

Example of a gated community?

A

North Holloway, London

A-level Geography (15 decks)

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