Regenerating places Flashcards
Primary
Raw materials e.g. agriculture, forestry and fishing
Secondary
Manufacturing and assembly process
Tertiary
Commercial services that support production and distribution e.g. insurance, transport, etc.
Quaternary
Industries providing information services (ICT, consultancy, R&D)
Deindustrialisation
Reduction/removal of industrial activity or capacity
Industrialisation
The development of industries on a wide scale in a region or country
Pre-industrialisation
A place that has not yet become industrialised
Post-industrialisation
The stage of economic development that follows industrialisation, moving into the service sector
Industrial
The manufacturing or technically productive enterprises
Quinary
The highest levels of decision making in an economy - e.g. executives/officials in governments, universities, healthcare, etc. concentrated in STEM employment
Clarke-Fisher model
Shows how the proportion of people employed in each sector changes as an economy advances
National average - manufacturing average by output area
9.10%
Birmingham output area (manufacturing)
11.58%, 38% in Langley Sandwell, 36% in West Bromwich Central
Swansea output area (manufacturing)
10.03%, 32% in Neath Port Talbot Sandfields, 29% in Aberavon
Professional, scientific and technical activities - national average output area
6.3%
Birmingham output area (professional, scientific and technical activities)
4.75%, 31% in Ladywood
Swansea output area (professional, scientific and technical activities)
3.70%, 20% in Oystermouth, 18% in Mayals
Which areas of the UK have the lowest and highest pay?
- Lowest pay = North East and North West, coastal regions
- Highest pay = South East, CBDs have higher pay than surrounding areas
Why are there regions of higher and lower pay in the UK?
- TNCs choose to locate in London and SE areas not only due to the legacy, but also due to their infrastructure
- Brain drain from lower pay regions to higher pay regions
- Coastal areas = seasonal/temporary employment
- SE has a higher tertiary/quaternary workforce than Northern areas, which are predominantly secondary industry, sometimes due to industrialisation (e.g. South Wales)
- Herefordshire - low pay due to rural areas, less job opportunities - brain drain to Worcestershire/Cheltenham
Health explanation
- There is a direct link between place, deprivation and associated lifestyles
- Despite fewer manual jobs today, those working long hours for sectors like building and agriculture or exposed to harmful chemicals will have a raised risk of poor health
- Variations in income can affect the quality of people’s housing and diets
What percentage of deaths was considered to be premature especially amongst deprived communities?
43%
Which area of the UK has the highest prevalence of cardiovascular disease? Which area has the lowest?
Highest = Scotland, lowest = South East England
Life expectancy explanation
- Longevity varies substantially between places, regions and between and within settlements, particularly larger cities
- Gender, income, occupation and education are key factors together with lifestyle choices (diet and smoking) affecting life expectancy
Average life expectancy in the UK for men and women?
Men = 77.2 years, women = 81.6 years
Life expectancy for men in Glasgow City vs East Dorset
Glasgow City = 72.6 years, East Dorset = 82.9 years
Education explanation
- Educational provision (supply) and outcome is unequal across the UK
- Outcome (examination success) is strongly linked to income levels
- Disadvantaged children many feel reluctant to carry onto higher education
In 2013, what percentage of working class white children (in poverty) achieved 5 or more GCSEs A* to C (including English and maths)?
31%
In 2014, the richest 1% of the UK population received what percentage of all income?
13%, and accumulated as much wealth as the poorest 55% of the population put together
The top 10% of employees earned over how much annually?
£53,000
The bottom 10% of earners earn weekly wages under £???
£288
What percentage did the South of the UK create in terms of growth output between 1997 and 2007?
37%
In 2008, ‘the South’ input increased to what percentage?
48% (increased to this % while all the other regions of the UK declined)
In Camden, what percentage of children live in poverty compared to 21% nationally?
34%
Function
The different roles a place plays for its community and surroundings. Some, usually large places, offer regional, national and even global function. Functions can however, grow, disappear and change overtime
Characteristics
The physical and human aspects that help distinguish one place from another, e.g. location, natural features, layout, land use, architecture, etc.
Traditional function of Birmingham?
Automobile industry
Traditional function of Leeds?
Textiles
Traditional function of Manchester?
Textiles
Traditional function of Sheffield?
Steel
Traditional function of Liverpool?
Ship-building
Traditional function of Swansea?
Copper and tin plate
Studentification
- Houses are converted to HMOs for students (gentrification), usually in residential areas, causing families and elderly to feel isolated
- Leads to crime, poor hygiene and noise, which can scare original residents away (e.g. in Headingly, Leeds, many primary schools had to close due to a lack of families)
- These houses were probably built in the 19th century and occupied by workers during the industrialisation period - due to their cheaper quality, this has allowed gentrification/studentification to occur in these areas
Example of gentrification?
Notting Hill
Multiculturism in society
- Traditional buildings, e.g. places of worship
- Amenities, e.g. shops for food and clothes
- Traditional businesses/services
- Mixed schools
- Increased ethnic diversity
What decade had Swansea Bay become the major centre of the petrol industry?
1960s - move towards a service sector economy
In 2008, what percentage of working age residents were employed in Swansea?
70.7%
Between 2001-2006, what percentage had employment in Swansea grown by?
16.2%
What ranking does Swansea have in terms of largest retail centre (in the UK)?
18th largest
Between 1948-1966, unemployment in Birmingham rarely exceeded what percentage?
1%
In 1961, household incomes in the West Midlands were what percentage above national average?
13%
In 2008, Birmingham was ranked __ in the world in terms of economy
72nd
According to the Mercer Index of Worldwide Standards of Living, Birmingham was the __ most liveable city in the world in 2010
52nd
In 2012, Birmingham had a trade deficit of how much?
£5.6 billion
In 2013, the West Midlands region created UK exports in goods worth how much?
£19.6 billion
In 2013, Birmingham was ranked __ in terms of quality of life in the UK
10th
In 2013, GVA was how much in Birmingham?
£24.1 billion - accounts for 21.8% of the West Midlands GVA and 1.6% of the UK’s GVA
How can the demography of an area change?
- Aging population - leads to elderly-based areas
- Growing middle class - leads to local economies growing, more FDI
- Globalisation - leads to a more diverse population, more cultures are integrated into society
What fraction of Birmingham’s population was born overseas?
1/5
What percentage of Birmingham’s population are from ethnic groups other than white
42%
What percentage in Birmingham do not have English as their first language?
16%
What percentage of Birmingham’s population is under 45?
66% - migrants have lowered the average age
What percentage of Swansea’s population are white?
94% (around 224,700 people)
The proportion of non-white ethnic groups in Swansea has increased from __% in 2001 to __% in 2011
2.2% in 2001 (around 4800 people) to 6.0% in 2011 (2052 people) (?)
What are the largest non-white ethnic groups in Swansea?
Chinese (2052 people, 0.9%), Bangladeshi (1944, 0.8%)
In 2011, what percentage of Swansea’s population was born outside the UK?
7.2% (17,233 people)
Geographers measure changes within places using 4 key methods:
- Land use changes
- Employment trends
- Demographic changes
- Levels of deprivation
How many customers did Birmingham Airport serve in 2017? How many airlines operate there?
- It served 12.9 million customers, making it the 7th busiest airport in the UK
- 35 airlines
What is Wales’ tallest building?
The Tower, Meridian Quay, Swansea (107m)
What is the largest city-based retail establishment in the UK? How many customers does it draw in every year?
- The Bullring, Birmingham
- 38 million customers per year
Which motorways is Birmingham connected to?
M5, M6, M20, M42
How many countries are expected to participate in the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham?
72
How much is the tourism industry to Swansea and the Gower worth?
£417 million a year
Who is the mayor of Birmingham and what party do they represent?
Mohammed Azim, Labour party
Who is the mayor of Swansea and what party do they represent?
Peter Black, Liberal Democrats
How is Birmingham connected to London and the North?
HS2
What projects are occurring in Swansea?
Large scale regeneration in the SA1 region, a 3500 seater arena costing £100 million is being planned, overhauling the old St. David’s centre (the project is expected to boost the economy by £40 million a year)
Which city is home to the DVLA: Swansea or Birmingham?
Swansea
Which city hosts a festival of music and art every autumn: Swansea or Birmingham?
Swansea, hosted in Brangwyn hall
Features of ‘successful places’
- Low deprivation
- Skill shortages
- High employment
- High property prices
- Inward migration
What is the M4 Corridor?
Major route that connects Wales to the UK (Swansea to London)
Agglomeration
- When companies locate next to each other for mutual benefits (e.g. share workforce, expertise, materials, etc.)
- Originally, this occurred due to transport costs being so high
How much has the population of West Berkshire and Slough increased by since 2001 according to the 2011 census?
Since 2001, the population in West Berkshire has increased by 6.4%, and in Slough by 16.3%
Which headquarters does the Slough Trading Estate host?
TNCs such as O₂ and Dulux Paints
Which companies are based in Newbury?
NfER, Vodafone and BayerAG (a pharmaceuticals company)
Which companies does Bracknell host UK headquarters to?
Waitrose and BMW
How many more well-qualified workers is Berkshire expected to need by 2020?
70,000
How many workers had companies along the M4 Corridor recruited from outside the EU in 2011?
Between 7000 and 11,000
According to Zoopla, by how much have property prices risen by in Berkshire from 2005? (%)
By 40-50%
In September 2015, what was the price of a 6-bedroom property in Berkshire?
In excess of 2 million (not all, only some)
Property prices in Berkshire are out of reach for what percentage of the the working age population?
20%
According to the 2015 Index of Multiple Deprivation, what percentage of Thames Valley Berkshire Local Enterprise Partnership neighbourhoods were in the most deprived 10% of national areas?
0.4%
Which villages in Berkshire have an increasing elderly population?
Lambourn and Aldermaston
What is a sink estate?
Housing estates characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drugs and gang warfare
Example of a sink estate?
Hulme (1990s)
- In 1991, unemployment was 39%
- 60% were dependent on income support
- 74% left education
- 81% had no car
What is a commuter village?
A populated area that is primarily residential, rather than commercial or industrial. People who live in commuter villages usually work in other places
Example of a commuter village?
Bishops Cleeve
- Population increase from 400 (1990) to 15,000 (2012)
- 3.3 million from Cheltenham
- Cleeve Secondary school opened in 1956
- Homeland’s Farm - built 450 homes
- Smiths industries moved in 1950s
What is a gated community?
A gated community is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterised by a closed perimeter of walls and fences
Example of a gated community?
North Holloway, London
