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A-level Geography > Enquiry Question 2 > Flashcards

Enquiry Question 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hazard?

A

A perceived natural/geophysical event that has the potential to threaten both life and property

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2
Q

What is a disaster?

A

The realisation of a hazard, when it causes significant impact on vulnerable people

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3
Q

When does a hazard become a disaster?

A

When 10 or more people are killed and/or 100 or more are affected

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4
Q

Social human factors?

A
  • People without access to education
  • Poor-quality housing
  • The quality of communication systems
  • Communities with poor health care
  • The age of a population
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5
Q

Economic human factors?

A
  • Level of wealth

- A lack of income opportunities

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6
Q

Environmental/physical human factors?

A
  • Rapid urbanisation creates a need for more housing
  • The accessibility of an area
  • Areas with high population density tend to have poorer quality housing
  • The existence and enforcement of building codes and regulations
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7
Q

Political human factors?

A
  • The efficiency of emergency services and response teams
  • The existence of public education and practiced hazard responses e.g. earthquake drills
  • The level of corruption of government officials and businesses
  • The existence of disaster preparedness plans
  • The quality of infrastructure (such as transport and power supplies)
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8
Q

What factors can we use to measure vulnerability?

A
  • Where people live
  • Infrastructure
  • Higher GDP - more investment
  • How capable the government is to cope with specific situations
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9
Q

What is the hazard risk formula?

A

Risk (R) = Hazard (H) x Vulnerability (V) / Capacity to cope (C)

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10
Q

The level of risk depends on a combination of factors…

A
  • Some directly linked to the hazard itself (e.g. magnitude, duration, time of day)
  • Human factors, which determine vulnerability and the capacity to cope
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11
Q

What is resilience?

A

The ability to protect lives, livelihoods and infrastructure from destruction, and to restore areas after a natural hazard has occurred

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12
Q

Why do less developed countries tend to be more vulnerable to hazard events?

A

They tend to have other, more pressing problems, such as poverty and disease, which means that they’ll spend less money on disaster preparation

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13
Q

Why is age a significant factor in people’s resilience?

A

Children and the elderly are much more likely to suffer from a range of hazards

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14
Q

What percentage of the world’s population over the age of 60 live in less-developed regions, and how much is this expected to rise by 2050?

A

Around 66% of the world’s population aged over 60 live in less-developed regions. By 2050, this is expected to rise to 79%

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15
Q

Myanmar hazard and exposure score

A

Myanmar has a significantly high natural hazard component due to the potential for tsunami and earthquakes (as well as floods and storms)

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16
Q

Japan hazard and exposure score

A

Japan is subject to a range of natural hazards and is highly exposed

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17
Q

Myanmar vulnerability

A

Moderate risk though a relatively low score - there have been few natural shocks in recent years

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18
Q

Japan vulnerability

A

Vulnerability is high compared to other wealthy nations due to the ageing population, bit it is still low risk

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19
Q

Myanmar coping capacity

A

Poor coping capacity; low level of internet/mobile phone access for older people; education is poor

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20
Q

Japan coping capacity

A

Coping capacity is good; the elderly tend to be educated, have high internet connectivity, effective government and low gender inequality

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21
Q

Myanmar overall risk

A

Myanmar is ranked 7th out 190 nations, which means that disaster risk to elderly citizens is vert high

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22
Q

Japan overall risk

A

Although Japan is highly exposed to hazards, it is ranked 133rd out of 190 nations thanks to its strong coping capacity and lower levels of vulnerability

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23
Q

What is meant by the term ‘failure of development’?

A

When less developed countries, who have a less developed economy, aren’t capable of educating people on widespread hazards - this is because there are more pressing issues such as poverty and disease that the government would rather spend money on

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24
Q

What is the PAR model (Pressure and Release)?

A

The PAR models incudes the root causes of why a country/region would by considered vulnerable. These root causes can create dynamic pressures, which can lead to unsafe conditions

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25
Q

Despite suffering the lowest magnitude earthquake, Haiti had the highest number of casualties. Why is this?

A

This is due to Haiti being one of the poorest nations in the world, meaning Haiti’s government simply can’t afford to give education to ensure safety to its population

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26
Q

What factors make a less-developed country more vulnerable?

A
  • Lack of education
  • High birthrate, no contraception
  • Poor health care, can’t save many people affected by hazards
  • Poor infrastructure
  • High population density
  • Corrupt government, investment not spent on where it should be
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27
Q

Sichuan earthquake background information

A
  • 12th May, 2008
  • 2:28 PM
  • Sichuan, China
  • Magnitude of 7.9
28
Q

How many schools fell down due to the Sichuan earthquake and how many children were killed? Examples?

A
  • Thousands (at least 7000) of schools fell down, killing 5335 children
  • Juyuan Middle School in Dujiangyan City collapsed, killing 900 pupils
29
Q

How many people initially died in the Sichuan earthquake, and what did this number increase to after two months?

A

Initially 8700 died, this rose to 69,000 after two months

30
Q

How many people went missing during the Sichuan earthquake?

A

18,000 after the first two months

31
Q

How many people were injured as a result of the Sichuan earthquake?

A

374,000

32
Q

How many people were made homeless as a result of the Sichuan earthquake?

A

Between 5 million and 11 million

33
Q

How many buildings collapsed as a result of the Sichuan earthquake and why did they collapse?

A

5 million, poor infrastructure of mud-brick

34
Q

What was the overall cost of restoring the infrastructure damage caused by the Sichuan earthquake?

A

$75 million

35
Q

How much money did the government of China pledge for a rebuilding fund?

A

$10 million

36
Q

How much were the direct economic losses of the Sichuan earthquake?

A

CNY 845.1 billion

37
Q

How many soldiers and relief workers were sent to affected areas after the Sichuan earthquake?

A

130,000

38
Q

How many helicopters were assigned to rescue and relief efforts after the Sichuan earthquake?

A

20

39
Q

How many small, temporary houses were built to house the homeless after the Sichuan earthquake?

A

1 million

40
Q

What caused the Sichuan earthquake?

A

The Indian plate collided with the Eurasian plate and pressure from the collision was sent up the Longmenshan fault line (that runs through Sichuan)

41
Q

How much money was donated by the Red Cross in the fortnight after the earthquake?

A

Over £100 million

42
Q

How many resources did the Chinese Red Cross distribute to those affected following the Sichuan earthquake?

A
  • More than 150,000 tents
  • More than 125,000 quilts
  • More than 245,000 pieces of clothing
43
Q

When did the Tohoku earthquake happen and at what magnitude?

A

11th March 2011, Japan, 9.0-9.1 magnitude

44
Q

How many people died as a result of the Tohoku earthquake? How many of these deaths were a result of drowning?

A

15,883, 90% of these were victims of drowning

45
Q

How much economic damage did the Tohoku earthquake cause?

A

$360 billion

46
Q

What percentage of Haitians are below the poverty line?

A

80%

47
Q

What percentage of Haitians are illiterate?

A

53%

48
Q

What is the building quality like in Haiti?

A

Poor, cannot withstand disasters

49
Q

Haiti’s government is corrupt. True or false?

A

True

50
Q

How much aid was donated to Haiti following the 2010 earthquake?

A

$13 billion

51
Q

How many Haitians still live in temporary housing, as of 2015?

A

80,000

52
Q

What major industry in China amplified the shaking of the Sichuan earthquake?

A

Fracking

53
Q

How much money did the Chinese government set aside for a reconstruction plan, after the Sichuan earthquake?

A

$150 billion (over the next 3 years after the earthquake)

54
Q

Out of the 3 case studies we’ve looked at for natural disasters, which country was most prepared (education): Japan, China or Haiti?

A
  • Japan, due to well-developed disaster plans (emergency kits, evacuation routes, early warning systems)
  • Other 2 countries have very corrupt governments
55
Q

How many troops were mobilised within the first 24 hours following the Tohoku earthquake?

A

110,000

56
Q

How large is the exclusion zone around the Fukushima nuclear plant?

A

20km

57
Q

Spearman’s Rank equation

A

R = 6∑𝑑² / (n³-n)

58
Q

What is Spearman’s Rank?

A

A statistical test that examines the degree of which two data sets are correlated, in this case whether the greater magnitude results in a greater loss of life

59
Q

What sort of result does the Spearman’s Rank equation give you?

A

The calculation gives a numerical value on the degree of the correlation between 1 and -1

60
Q

What is the Richter scale?

A

Used to measure amplitude, 0-9 scale, absolute scale

61
Q

What is the Mercalli scale?

A

Measures the experienced impacts (relative scale), I-XII scale

62
Q

What is the Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS)?

A

Describes earthquakes in terms of energy released, used by UGS to estimate magnitudes for all large earhquakes

63
Q

What is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?

A

A relative measure of explosiveness of a volcanic eruption

64
Q

What measurements are taken when using the VEI?

A

Volume of products (ejecta), height of the eruption cloud and qualitative observations

65
Q

What percentage of those who died in the Japanese 2011 tsunami were aged 65 or over?

A

56%

66
Q

What is a tectonic hazard profile?

A
  • A technique used to try to understand the physical characteristics of different types of hazards, for example earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes
  • Hazard profiles can also be used to analyse and assess the same hazards which take place in contrasting locations or at different times
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A-level Geography (15 decks)

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