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A-level Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Methods of transport

A

Railway, telegraph, steam ships, jet aircrafts, containerisation

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2
Q

Methods of communication

A

Internet, social networking, electronic banking, fibre optics, mobile phones

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3
Q

When was containerisation created?

A

1956 (by Malcolm Mclean)

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4
Q

How many tonnes could by moved per hour by labourers in 1965 and 1970? (containerisation)

A

1965 - 1.7 tonnes per hour

1970 - 30 tonnes per hour

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5
Q

Political and economic factors that led to the acceleration of globalisation

A

Privatisation, deregulation, free trade (encouraged by trade blocs)

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6
Q

Who supported privatisation?

A

Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair, IGOs

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7
Q

What is privatisation?

A

The transfer of business/industry from public to private ownership

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8
Q

Examples of privatisation in the UK

A
  • British Telecom in 1984
  • Local bus services in 1985 (Transport Act)
  • British Gas in 1986
  • British Rail in 1993
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9
Q

What is a trade bloc?

A

A type of intergovernmental agreement where barriers to trade (e.g. tariffs) in a world region are reduced or eliminated among the participating states

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10
Q

Advantages of trade blocs

A

Easier trade, cheaper prices, access to wider market

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11
Q

Disadvantages of trade blocs

A

Some places aren’t in trade blocs (e.g. due to physical barriers, such as The Sahel), stops trade elsewhere

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12
Q

Measurements of globalisation

A
  • KOF Globalisation Index (founded in 2002)
  • AT Kearney Index
  • IMF Annual Report
  • KAOPEN Index (founded in 2005)
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13
Q

What does the KOF Globalisation Index measure?

A

Measures the extent to which countries are socially, politically and economically linked to others

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14
Q

What does the AT Kearney Index measure?

A

Uses measures of business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement to rank cities in terms of the quantity and quality of their connections

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15
Q

What is global economic shift?

A

The shift of primary/secondary industries to tertiary/quaternary industries

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16
Q

What percentage of jobs in the UK are tertiary or quaternary?

A

70%

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17
Q

What’s the name of Gunnar Mydral’s theory and what does it explain?

A

Cumulative causation (cycle of prosperity, multiplier effect), growth from growth from growth

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18
Q

What happened in Detroit?

A

Deindustrialisation/decline of motor industries (Ford, General Motors), which led to high unemployment rates and a decreased city population

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19
Q

What is high waged economic migration?

A

When nations, regions and cities are strongly connected to similar places globally through production and consumption of goods/services, they experience flows of elite migrants

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20
Q

What are the names of some Russian Obligarchs and what are their net worths?

A
  • Roman Abramovich, net worth of $8.3 billion (in 2015)
  • Len Blavatnik, net worth of £17.1 billion (in 2015)
  • Alexander Knaster, net worth of £2.2 billion
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21
Q

Example of high and low waged economic migration

A
  • High waged = Russia

- Low waged = Poland

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22
Q

What is meant by culture?

A

Tradition, accepted norms, religion and beliefs, language, art and symbols, values

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23
Q

Attempts to control the spread of globalisation and the rise of localism (box headers)

A
  • Attitudes towards migration in the UK
  • Trade protectionism
  • Fairtrade and ethical consumption
  • Protecting cultural identity
  • Rise in far right
  • Rise of localism
  • Resources recycling
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24
Q

How do Chinese governments attract FDI?

A
  • ‘Open door’ policy
  • Hukou system
  • Agricultural communities dismantled (farmers can now earn a profit)
  • ‘Instant cities’
  • Special economic zones (Shantou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Xiamen)
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25
Q

What are special economic zones?

A

Areas of land set aside by governments in locations well placed for international trade

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26
Q

How do British governments attract FDI?

A
  • Privatisation
  • Free-market liberalism (neoliberalism)
  • Sovereign wealth funds (help fund new infrastructure projects)
  • Trade blocs
  • Sunday trading (1994)
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27
Q

China - loss of productive land (fact)

A

16mn acres lost to urbanisation in the last 20 years

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28
Q

China - environmental and resource pressure (fact)

A

100 cities suffer with extreme water shortages and 360mn students don’t have access to safe drinking water

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29
Q

TNC located in China

A

Lenovo

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30
Q

China - infrastructure investment (fact)

A

2016 longest high-speed rail system was complete

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31
Q

China - waged work (fact)

A

Employees work an average of 40 hours a week

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32
Q

China - poverty reduction (fact)

A

Reduced by 680mn between 1981-2010

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33
Q

China - education and training (fact)

A

In 2014, 7.2mn students graduated from university

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34
Q

China - disadvantages to the environment - globalisation

A
  • Air and water pollution - 70% of China’s rivers and lakes are polluted
  • Land degradation - 40% of China’s farmland is suffering from degradation
  • Over-exploitation of resources - Oil, coal and iron
  • Loss of biodiversity - habitats lost as they are destroyed to make room for infrastructure
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35
Q

Detroit’s size (by ranking) during 1920s compared to now

A
  • 1920s = 4th

- Now = 18th

36
Q

What year was Detroit considered bankrupt and with what debt?

A

2013, with debts of $18.5 billion

37
Q

What fraction of families in Detroit are below the US federal government’s official poverty level?

A

1/3

38
Q

What was Detroit’s murder rate in 2014?

A

45 per 100,000 people

39
Q

What fraction of murders in Detroit are drug related?

A

2/3

40
Q

How many Russians live in London?

A

100,000

41
Q

For every flat bought by Russians for £10mn, how much is spent per year?

A

£4.5mn

42
Q

What’s a disadvantage of Russian high wage economic migration?

A

It squeezes out residents from Knightsbridge and Mayfair, and 20% of all properties above £5mn are brought by Russian clients/speakers

43
Q

Why has Russian high wage economic migration occured?

A

Economic recession in Moscow

44
Q

How much has annual turnover increased following low wage international migration?

A

20-30%

45
Q

How much money do low wage migrants contribute to the economy?

A

£25bn

46
Q

Average childbirth between foreign women and native women?

A

Foreign women have an average 2.28 compared to 1.89 in the UK for childbirth

47
Q

Following the first year of Session 8, how many people became unemployed?

A

275,000

48
Q

Percentage of Polish unemployment in 2005?

A

18.2%

49
Q

What year was the first Paralympics held in London?

A

1948

50
Q

What is the shrinking world effect?

A

Thanks to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach

51
Q

What is FDI?

A

A financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy, either to build new facilities or to acquire, or merge with, an existing firm already based there

52
Q

What is meant by ‘trickle down’?

A

The positive impacts on peripheral regions (and poorer people) caused by the creation of wealth in core regions (and among richer people)

53
Q

What are sovereign wealth funds?

A

Government-owned investment fund and banks

54
Q

What does ‘switched on’ mean?

A

Switched on places are those nations, regions or cities that are strongly connected to other places through the production and consumption of goods and services

55
Q

What does ‘switched off’ mean?

A

Places that are poorly connected politically, economically, physically or environmentally

56
Q

Example of companies with large global production networks

A

Kraft Foods and IBM (electronic firm) - both have 30,000 suppliers providing different items that they need

57
Q

How many different suppliers provide parts for BMW’s Mini?

A

2500, some suppliers are in the EU (which allows them to avoid import tariffs), whereas the engine comes from an offshore factory in Brazil

58
Q

What incident disrupted global supply chains?

A

2011 Japanese tsunami

59
Q

What is meant by ‘glocalisation’?

A

In order to maximise profit, many TNCs have, additionally, adapted their products to suit local tastes (e.g. ‘Spiderman India’)

60
Q

Example of a switched off country and why its switched off

A

North Korea - ruled by an autocratic leader, citizens don’t have access to social media or the internet, there are no undersea data cables connecting N. Korea with anywhere else

61
Q

What kind of site can deindustrialisation lead to and what does this promote?

A

Brown field sites, promotes anti-social behavior (e.g. graffiti)

62
Q

What is meant by interdependence and what causes this?

A

Interdependence between countries means that they are dependent on one another in some way, and it is caused mainly by international migration

63
Q

How many different cultural groups live in Papa New Guinea?

A

7000

64
Q

When did a British colony arrive in Papa New Guinea?

A

1884

65
Q

When was copper found in Papa New Guinea and what did this cause?

A

1964, resulted in devaluing larger and local ecosystems

66
Q

What year was the British Nationality Act passed and what did it do?

A

1948, granted members of the British Empire the right to live in the UK

67
Q

What year was the Race Relations Act passed and what did it do?

A

1968, created rights for employment and housing, and governments were now held responsible for legislating (make laws) to prevent discrimination

68
Q

What is meant by ‘Americanisation’?

A

The action of making a person or thing American in character or nationality, e.g. fast food chains locating all over the world

69
Q

If people are Hyper Globalisers, what is their view? Are there any examples of this?

A

Hyper Globalisers are of the opinion that globalisation is real and everywhere, leading to a homogenous society. For example, TNC marketing strategies create similar consumer demand across cultures

70
Q

If people are Transformalists, what is their view? Are there any examples of this?

A

That cultures are dynamic in their response to globalisation- all cultures will change, but in different ways, leading to new hybrid cultures. For example, in Britain, we eat an Indian-inspired dish called Chicken Tikka Masala

71
Q

If people are Skeptics, what is their view? Are there any examples of this?

A

That cultures will not change, even with globalisation - languages and local traditions will never be lost. For example, Japan still has its culture

72
Q

What are the causes of cultural diffusion in China?

A
  • Disposable income (from growing middle class) spent on food
  • Migrants/foreigners bring overseas dishes over
  • Americanisation leads to TNCs, such as McDonalds, to locate all over the country
  • China has poor land, which leads to more imports
73
Q

What was the average amount of meat eaten in China, and how much has it increased to?

A

20kg to 50kg

74
Q

What percentage of China’s population has diabetes

A

9.7% (compared to 11% in America)

75
Q

How many obese people are there in China as of 2013?

A

100mn

76
Q

How many acres of arable land is there per 100 people in China?

A

20 acres

77
Q

Example of methods used in local communities to reduce the impact of globalisation on the environment (points for a 12 marker)

A
  • Recycling resources - Keep Britain Tidy’s ‘Recycling Blueprint’; it has been used in Wales and caused the average recycling rate to increase to 60%
  • Rise in localism - Totnes Pound in Devon encourages local spending
  • Fairtrade and ethical consumption
78
Q

According to DEFRA, how much is the UK recycling today compared to how much we were recycling in 2000?

A

4x as much

79
Q

What was the 5-tier point system designed to help to control?

A

Immigration

80
Q

What is the population of the EU?

A

508mn

81
Q

Why do companies locate in emerging countries?

A
  • Cheaper labour

- Less regulations, so quicker to build factories

82
Q

Example of a TNC that has outsourced to India

A

Microsoft (also signed a 3-year deal with Infosys technologies in 2010)

83
Q

How much does FDI contribute to India’s GDP today, compared to 1990?

A
  • 1990 = 0.1%

- Today = 2%

84
Q

What percentage does India account for for world trade?

A

2.7%

85
Q

How many airports have been built in China in recent years?

A

100

86
Q

What is the population of India?

A

1.3bn

A-level Geography (15 decks)

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