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Opthalmology > Refractory Errors > Flashcards

Refractory Errors Flashcards

1
Q

UVA rays absorbed by

A

Lens (after cataract surgery)

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2
Q

UVB rays absorbed by (which part of eye)

A

Cornea

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3
Q

What can UVB rays cause

A

Snow blindness
Welding flash
Photokeratitis
Photophthalmia

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4
Q

Causes of infrared rays on eyes

A

Photoretinitis

Foveal burn

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5
Q

Patient with decreased vision
Pinhole vision improves in?
Pinhole vision further decreased in?

A

Improves in refractive errors

Decreased in central media opacities/foveal pathology

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6
Q

Emmetropia definition

A

When accommodation of patient is at rest parallel rays of light are focused at a single point on the retina

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7
Q

Causes of myopia

A

Axial
Curvatural
Index
Positional

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8
Q

High myopia

A

> -6 D

And retinal change

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9
Q

Common type of retinal detachment in myopes

A

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

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10
Q

Type of staphyloma possible in myopes

A

Posterior staohyloma

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11
Q

Tigroid fungus possibly present in

A

Myopes

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12
Q

Foster fuch’s spots possibly present in

A

Myopes

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13
Q

Lenses minify images

1D = ——— % minify 
3D= ——— % minify
A

2%

6%

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14
Q

Causes of hypermetropia

A

Adil
Curvatural
Index
Positional

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15
Q

Pseudopapillitis seen in

A

Hypermetropes

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16
Q

Types of total hypermetropia

A

Latent (due to ciliary body tone)

Manifest

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17
Q

Types of manifest hypermetropia

A

Facultative

Absolute

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18
Q

Anisometropia definition

A

Difference in refractive error of 2 eyes

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19
Q

Anisokonia definition

A

Difference in image seen by 2 eyes

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20
Q

Aphakia refractive error

A

+16 D

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21
Q

Aphakia refractive power

A

+44 D

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22
Q

Anterior chamber in aphakia

A

Deep

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23
Q

Purkinje images in aphakic person

A

2

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24
Q

Spectacles correction and magnification percentage in aphakic

A

16 D

Image size 32%

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25
Q

Pincushion aberration seen in

A

Correction of aphakia

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26
Q

Prismatic aberration/sowing ring scotoma/jack in box

A

Correction of aphakia

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27
Q

Alternative to spectacles in aphakia

A

Contact lens
IOL
(Put in anterior chamber or scleral fixated IOL)

28
Q

Astigmatism

A

When light enters eye different are focused at different points

29
Q

Types of astigmatism

A 
Simple myopic 
Simple hypermetropic
Compound myopic 
Compound hypermetropia 
Mixed
30
Q

Causes of irregular astigmatism

A

Keratoconus
After/post keratoplasty
Corneal opacity

31
Q

Treatment of irregular astigmatism

A

Cylindrical glasses

32
Q

Far point in emmetropia

A

Infinity

33
Q

Far point in hypermetropia

A

Behind the eye (Imaginary)

34
Q

Far point In myopia

A

In front of the eye

35
Q

Example: far point of -2D myopia

A

1/2 m =50 cm

36
Q

Near visionComponents

A

Convergence
Bilateral pupil constriction
Near vision/accommodation

37
Q

Presbyopia

A

Increase age
Decrease accommodation
Increase near point

38
Q

Range of accommodation. Formula

A

Far point - near point

39
Q

amplitude of accommodation formula

A

Power to focus at near - power to focus at far

40
Q

Presbyopia correction

A

Greater than 40 yrs - near glasses

41
Q

In presbyopia by how much does the power change every 5 years

A

By 0.5D

40 yrs- +1D
45 yrs- +1.5 D
50 yrs- +2 D
>55 yrs- +2.5 D

42
Q

If person has myopia and presbyopia what is correction

A

Bifocal glasses (D shaped)

43
Q

What is the correction in paediatric pseudophakia/aphakia

A

Executive bifocals

44
Q

What is trifocal glasses

A 
There is progressive near intermediate and far glasses
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
| FAR.                       |
| INTERMEDIATE |
|NEAR.                    |.
45
Q

With what instrument to determine refractive error

A

retinoscopy

46
Q

At what distance is the retinoscopy done

A

Distance 2/3rd m with streak retinoscope

47
Q

Three steps to determine refractive error

A
  1. neutralisation of reflex
  2. distance correction
  3. cycloplegia correction
48
Q

What is the cycloplegic correction in refractive error

A

1% atropin – strongest for less than eight years
Homatropine,cyclopentolate,tropicamide
V
Weakest Cyclopegic
Fastest mydriatic

49
Q

Which is the only mydriatic

A

Phenylephrine

50
Q

Different cyclopegics given for different ages

A 
<8 years – atropine
8-20 yrs – Any
20–40 years – usually not required
>40 years – no cycloplegic
Aphakia/pseudophakia-no cyclopegics
51
Q

O2 permeable soft contact lens

And which condition

A

Hydroxy ethyl
Metha-acrylate

Refractive error

52
Q

O2 permeable rigid contact lens

And which condition

A

Silicone/cellulose
aceto-acrylate
Keratoconus

53
Q

Hard contact lens

A

Poly-methyl metha-acrylate

Not O2 permeable

54
Q

Where is Toric soft contact lenses used

A

Astigmatism

55
Q

In hypermetropia contact lens and specs power comparison

A

Contact lens power more than specs power

56
Q

In myopia contact lens and specs power comparison

A

Contact lens power is less than specs power

57
Q

Refractive surgeries in myopia

A 
LASIK
ReLex
PRK
Radial keratotomy 
(Corneal procedures)

Refractive lens exchange
Phakic intraocular lens
Lens procedure

58
Q

Refractive surgeries in hypermetropia

A

LASIK
Conductive keratoplasty
(Corneal procedures)

Refractive lens exchange
Phakic IOL
Lens procedures

59
Q

LASIK full form

A

Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis

Learn procedure

60
Q

What is the range of power who can do LASIK

A

+4 to -12D

Astigmatism – 5D

61
Q

Residual corneal thickness after LASIK

A

270 micro meter

62
Q

Contra indication of LASIK

A 
Thin cornea
Keratoconus
Age less than 21 years
Frequent change of glasses
Pregnancy
63
Q

Side-effect of LASIK

A

Dry eyes
Flap dislocate
Flap striae

64
Q

Name a flapless surgery for refractive error

A

Refractive lenticule extraction (SMILE)
Small incision lenticular extraction
“flapless surgery“
Incision less than 4 mm

65
Q

Do you know how to check different examples of determining refractive error

A

If yes or even if no please go check your notes for all kinds of examples thank you and have a nice day

Opthalmology (10 decks)

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