Referencing (Knox and Pinch, 2010) Flashcards
What were pre-industrial cities?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Displayed an element of differentiation within sectors
However, main division was that of an exclusive central core with the mass of the population living on periphery.
What did industrial capitalism do to the structure of the pre-industrial city?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Inverted the preindustrial city…
Poor into poor quality inner city districts.
Middle/upper class retreated to periphery.
However, over time this polarization gradually became less obvious as society became more complex.
Impact of globalisation on cities
Knox and Pinch (2010)
The emergence of world cities, centres of corporate and financial control.
Fostered increased competition between cities and intensified social polarization.
What have new telecommunications systems allowed for?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
The exchange of ever more complex information over greater distances.
Not been associated with a decline in the strength of cities as centres for information production and exchange.
Western attitudes towards urban living are characterized by
Knox and Pinch (2010)
…hostility, yet cities are also seen as centres of diversity and opportunity.
What did the Chicago School of urban sociology find?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Burgess and Park two leading figures (urban sociologists).
Comprehensive theory on city organisation.
Helped understand impacts of fordism on urban life
The residential segregation of minority groups in Western cities is the product of…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Various processes of exclusionary closure and institutional racism.
Minority groups reveal differing degrees of residential segregation in cities. These patterns reflect…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
hostility among the wider population, discrimination in employment and housing markets, and clustering for defence, mutual support and cultural preservation.
In some ways, Fordism was a victim of its own success…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Saturated markets for mass consumption having pushed producers towards niche markets, packaging, novelty and design in the search for profit.
Keynesianism lost its effectiveness when…
(how in the short run, and especially during recessions, economic output is strongly influenced by total spending in the economy
Knox and Pinch (2010)
the influence of organised labour and the authority of national governments were short-circuited by the global reach of transnational corporations.
Fordism and Keynesianism have been replaced by…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
a ‘new economy’
– a neo-Fordist (or post-Fordist) system underpinned by information technologies and networked around the globe
– neoliberalism – the view that the state should have a
minimal role.
A crucial problem with the Fordist system was its rigidity
in the face of increasing market and technological
change. Flexibility is, therefore, the key factor underlying
the numerous changes that have modified the
Fordist system to the point where we now have to think
of a neo-Fordist system…
Methods of increasing flexibility?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
- Increased use of technology, such as computer aided
design and manufacture (CAD/CAM). - Flexible use of labour- workers are now much more likely to be multiskilled, rather than committed to just one task as under Fordism.
- The labour force increasingly exhibits numerical
flexibility, the capacity to be hired and laid off when necessary, as is the case with part-time, temporary,
agency or subcontract workers.
In post-Fordist economies, firms compete less on the
basis of cost and increasingly on…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Factors such as reliability, style, innovation, and branding…flexible accumulation.
What is casualization?
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Increased use of ‘noncore’ workers such as part-timers, agency and temporary workers.
One of the main consequences of neo-Fordist technologies and working practices is that…
Knox and Pinch (2010)
Far fewer people are needed to manufacture things.
Well-established ‘mature’ products- shifted to low-cost locations outside the Western countries.
