Lecture 2: A Key Moment that has shaped Human Geography Flashcards

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1
Q

What key moment in the last 100 years has most shaped Human Geography?

A
World wars of 20th Century 
Climate Change
Fordism & Mass Consumption 
Creation of European Union 
The Internet
1960s Human Rights Movements 
Other?
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2
Q

What is fordism?

A

Refers to a way of economic life developed around the mass production of consumer goods, using assembly‐line techniques.

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3
Q

Key concepts

CONSUMPTION:

A

Utilisation of goods and services

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4
Q

Key concepts

ACCUMULATION:

A

Systems of production and consumption

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5
Q

Fordism completely transformed urban life (and gave rise to suburbia) from 1920s, then again 1945‐1960s.

What did Fordism shape and drive?

A

Shaped major urban industrial centres across US – e.g. Chicago, Detroit, Boston

Also drove international and rural out‐migration

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6
Q

The Chicago School of Urban Ecology has helped understand…?

A

The impacts of Fordism on urban life by gathering data on city structures and providing a comprehensive theory of city organisation.

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7
Q

Residential differentiation

A

The tendency for similar activities and similar types of people to cluster together in cities

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8
Q

Residential differentiation reflects stratification

A
– CLASS – material inequalities
– STATUS – life style and prestige
– CULTURE
• ‘ways of life’
• Values, abstract ideals
• Norms – rules, legal, moral
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9
Q

Burgess’ concentric zone model:

Burgess and Hoyt

A
  1. Central business district (CBD)
  2. Zone in transition
  3. Zone of Workingmen’s homes
  4. Residential zone
  5. Commuter zone
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10
Q

Criticisms of Burgess’ concentric zone model

A

• Overgeneralised from one city

  • Single main centre
  • Multi‐ethnic areas
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11
Q

Three main changes after Fordism

A

post-industrial society
disorganized capitalism
post-Fordism

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12
Q

post-industrial society

A

rise of service class

Shift from industrial manufacturing to service industries centered on information technology

high degree of autonomy (service class sells their skills)

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13
Q

Post-Fordism emerged why?

A

saturated western markets did not require mass production (crisis of overproduction)

—> corporations sought more flexible production techniques, involving advanced technology and reorganisation of labour

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14
Q

Fordism –> post-Fordism

A

from mass production of homogenous goods to small batch customization

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15
Q

Post- Fordism

Three major changes:

A
  1. multi-skilling labours
  2. eliminating rigid job demarcation lines
  3. labour force taking responsibility for quality

JIT stock management (supplies delivered only when required) —- “just in time”

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16
Q

Post-modernization

A

commodities confer prestige and signify social value, status and power

argues that objects in consumer societies are no longer purchased for their used values but to signify social relation

17
Q

Fordism

A
Highly bureaucratic organisational culture
Highly differentiated labour process
Large Economies of scale
Standardisation of products
Stable, lifetime employment
18
Q

Highly bureaucratic

A

Fordism

19
Q

Highly differentiated

A

Fordism

20
Q

Large Economies of scale

A

Fordism

21
Q

Standardisation of products

A

Fordism

22
Q

Stable, lifetime employment

A

Fordism

23
Q

Post-Fordism

A

Development of a more flexible organisational structure
Development of a dedifferentiated labour process
Limited production runs and the development of “niche” markets
Increased commodification of everyday life and the creation of products as lifestyles

24
Q

Development of a more flexible organisational structure

A

Post-Fordism

25
Q

Development of a dedifferentiated labour process

A

Post-Fordism

26
Q

Limited production runs and the development of “niche” markets

A

Post-Fordism

27
Q

Increased commodification of everyday life and the creation of products as lifestyles

A

Post-Fordism

28
Q

Old technologies

A

Fordism

29
Q

New technologies

A

Post-Fordism

30
Q

What is economies of scale?

A

a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.

31
Q

What is the Hoyt model?

A

Based on the Burgess model, but adds sectors of similar land uses concentrated in parts of the city.

Some zones, eg the factories/industry zone, radiate out from the CBD, e.g following the line of a main road or a railway.