Referencing (Everything Else) Flashcards
Idealised model of social geography of pre-industrial cities
Sjorberg (1960)
Division of pre-industrial city into a small elite and larger groups of lower classes and outcasts.
Lower class/outcasts live in surrounding poorly built periphery.
Elite in a pleasant, exclusive central core.
The idealised model of social geography of pre-industrial cities was questioned by…
Vance (1971)
Early city was ‘many centred’- distinct craft quarters existed each with own shops/workplaces and a wide spectrum of inhabitants.
Although, he did agree that poorest live on outer periphery.
Even in a contemporary world of fluid identities and the fragmentation…
Pain et al (2001)
Many people still associate with particular communities in specific localities, whether they be gang territories in Los Angeles or gay spaces.
Communities take many different forms, and equally their geographies are complex and various…
Pain et al (2001)
they may be localised; exist at other distinct spatial scales, be imagined, private or virtual.
Why did the Fordist system go into decline?
1) In the Middle East, where the bulk of oil was controlled, the OPEC cartel formed which limited supply of oil to global economy. Drastically rising prices and shocking economy/ industry.
2) The rise in global industry competitors.
3) Overproduction
What is a ‘scanscape’?
Davis (1990)
Designed to exclude those regarded as undesirable.
Urban developments with security guards, gates, barriers, walls…
E.g in some central parts of Los Angeles park benches are curved in such a way as to inhibit people from sleeping on them over night.
Globalisation and the rise of world cities
Sassen (2001)
Command centres such as New York, London and Tokyo that are home to concentrations of key players in the world financial system together with the business services that support them.
Sassen argues that one of the main features
of global cities is…
Sassen (2001)
Social polarization
Characteristics of financial services, they are dependent on relatively well-paid workers who require…
Consumer services such as restaurants, shops and cleaners, which in turn utilize…
Large numbers of low-paid workers.
As manufacturing has declined, cities have sought to promote…
(Bell and Jayne, 2004)
Cultural industries (e.g. the performing arts, design, advertising, entertainment, media and publishing), often in older ex-industrial areas sometimes known as ‘cultural quarters’.
Identify four groups of the economically marginal:
Winchester and White (1988)
- the unemployed, particularly the long-term unemployed; - the impoverished elderly; - students; and - single-parent families
Three groups that can be categorized as both economically and socially marginal, the two dimensions generally reinforcing one another:
Winchester and White (1988)
- ethnic minorities;
- refugees; and
- the handicapped (either mentally or physically), and
the chronically sick (notably including people with
AIDS).
Gentrification first used by?
Ruth Glass (1964)
Rent gap hypothesis
Smith (1979)
Gentrification happens because of the way our property market is structured- capitalism makes demands on property.
You can predict where it is going to happen when you see a rent gap- a property is clearly valued below the potential returns from that building.
Rise of the creative class
Florida (2002)
Developers and governments actively attempting to attract ‘creatives’
What does the street symbolise?
(Boddy 1992)
Public life, with all its human contact, conflict, and tolerance
What is the street celebrated as?
(Valentine 2001)
A site of political action, an environment for unmediated encounters with strangers and a place of inclusiveness
The street is increasingly being shaped by processes of moral regulation (and resistance).
(Mitchell, 2003)
Demands for heightened surveillance and security throw into sharp relief timeless questions about the nature of public space, how it is to be used, and under what conditions.
Moral geography is…
(Creswell 2005)
“the idea that certain people, things and practices belong in certain places… and not in others”
Historical anecdotes of moral geography
(Mitchell, 2003)
Women, non-white men, disabled people and LGBT people have been denied access to public space and have had to fight their way into the public sphere and to win the right to representation as part of the political public
Critiques of Moral Policing
(Valentine, 2001)
Academic community argue increase in monitoring/policing is killing the democratic mix and vitality of the streets = the end of truly ‘public’ space.
Role of place in shaping communities:
Barke and Farlane, 2001
- Structures the daily routines of economic and social life; (functional)
- Structures people’s life paths, providing them with both opportunities and constraints;
- Provides an arena in which everyday, ‘common- sense’ knowledge and experience is gathered;
- Provides a site for socialisation and social reproduction.
2 trends have characterised urban society in the ‘Post-Fordist’ era
Graham and Marvin, 2001
- Regime of Flexible Accumulation
- ‘Splintering Urbanism’
‘Self-illusory hedonism’
(Campbell, 1987)
Identities and lifestyles were created through consumption
More and more counter cultures (a way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm)
- Regime of Flexible Accumulation
- Splintering Urbanism: Geographies of Polarisation
Polarisation can refer to the proportions in the occupational structure.
Idea that sourced elsewhere where cheaper is cheaper
Expansion of both low-paying and high- paying service sector jobs, is leading towards the decline of middle-incomes.
Connectivity and Protest
Two things social media can do:
(Juris, 2012)
- Networking and organisation
Enables very broad and quick communication - Mobilising and congregating
What is happening when white men go to curry-houses to order the spiciest curries they can?
Ben Highmore (2008)
An example of how to investigate a commodity chain.
Illuminates Labour, Eating culture, Geopolitics of trade, and more…
Follow the thing: Papaya (2004)
Who picks and grows them? – working conditions, agency Who trades them? - Economic value How are they advertised? -Cultural meaning What are they like to eat? Sensorial
Culture vs production debate
Ley: changes in consumption behaviour have changed the way cities are lived in (1986)
Smith: changing land use structured by uneven investment and profit drive.
(1979)
“It does not matter whether production or consumption is viewed as more important in driving gentrification, so long as neither is completely ignored”
(Slater 2011:575)
Brick Lane Case Study
Alexander (2011)
Brick lane has been home to a working class community, shaped by waves of migration. Cereal killer cafe targeted...
Shoreditch Case Study
Harris (2012)
Light industry, warehouses, small factories in Shoreditch 80s/90s
Made it an environment which young artists could make in their own image
