Referencing (Everything Else)

Question 1

Idealised model of social geography of pre-industrial cities

Answer 1

Sjorberg (1960)

Division of pre-industrial city into a small elite and larger groups of lower classes and outcasts.

Lower class/outcasts live in surrounding poorly built periphery.

Elite in a pleasant, exclusive central core.

Question 2

The idealised model of social geography of pre-industrial cities was questioned by…

Answer 2

Vance (1971)

Early city was ‘many centred’- distinct craft quarters existed each with own shops/workplaces and a wide spectrum of inhabitants.

Although, he did agree that poorest live on outer periphery.

Question 3

Even in a contemporary world of fluid identities and the fragmentation…

Answer 3

Pain et al (2001)

Many people still associate with particular communities in specific localities, whether they be gang territories in Los Angeles or gay spaces.

Question 4

Communities take many different forms, and equally their geographies are complex and various…

Answer 4

Pain et al (2001)

they may be localised; exist at other distinct spatial scales, be imagined, private or virtual.

Question 5

Why did the Fordist system go into decline?

Answer 5

1) In the Middle East, where the bulk of oil was controlled, the OPEC cartel formed which limited supply of oil to global economy. Drastically rising prices and shocking economy/ industry.
2) The rise in global industry competitors.
3) Overproduction

Question 6

What is a ‘scanscape’?

Answer 6

Davis (1990)

Designed to exclude those regarded as undesirable.

Urban developments with security guards, gates, barriers, walls…

E.g in some central parts of Los Angeles park benches are curved in such a way as to inhibit people from sleeping on them over night.

Question 7

Globalisation and the rise of world cities

Answer 7

Sassen (2001)

Command centres such as New York, London and Tokyo that are home to concentrations of key players in the world financial system together with the business services that support them.

Question 8

Sassen argues that one of the main features

of global cities is…

Answer 8

Sassen (2001)

Social polarization

Characteristics of financial services, they are dependent on relatively well-paid workers who require…

Consumer services such as restaurants, shops and cleaners, which in turn utilize…

Large numbers of low-paid workers.

Question 9

As manufacturing has declined, cities have sought to promote…

Answer 9

(Bell and Jayne, 2004)

Cultural industries (e.g. the performing arts, design, advertising, entertainment, media and publishing), often in older ex-industrial areas sometimes known as ‘cultural quarters’.

Question 10

Identify four groups of the economically marginal:

Answer 10

Winchester and White (1988)

- the unemployed, particularly the long-term
unemployed;
- the impoverished elderly;
- students; and
- single-parent families

Question 11

Three groups that can be categorized as both economically and socially marginal, the two dimensions generally reinforcing one another:

Answer 11

Winchester and White (1988)

• ethnic minorities;
• refugees; and
• the handicapped (either mentally or physically), and
  the chronically sick (notably including people with
  AIDS).

Question 12

Gentrification first used by?

Answer 12

Ruth Glass (1964)

Question 13

Rent gap hypothesis

Answer 13

Smith (1979)

Gentrification happens because of the way our property market is structured- capitalism makes demands on property.

You can predict where it is going to happen when you see a rent gap- a property is clearly valued below the potential returns from that building.

Question 14

Rise of the creative class

Answer 14

Florida (2002)

Developers and governments actively attempting to attract ‘creatives’

Question 15

What does the street symbolise?

Answer 15

(Boddy 1992)

Public life, with all its human contact, conflict, and tolerance

Question 16

What is the street celebrated as?

Answer 16

(Valentine 2001)

A site of political action, an environment for unmediated encounters with strangers and a place of inclusiveness

Question 17

The street is increasingly being shaped by processes of moral regulation (and resistance).

Answer 17

(Mitchell, 2003)

Demands for heightened surveillance and security throw into sharp relief timeless questions about the nature of public space, how it is to be used, and under what conditions.

Question 18

Moral geography is…

Answer 18

(Creswell 2005)

“the idea that certain people, things and practices belong in certain places… and not in others”

Question 19

Historical anecdotes of moral geography

Answer 19

(Mitchell, 2003)

Women, non-white men, disabled people and LGBT people have been denied access to public space and have had to fight their way into the public sphere and to win the right to representation as part of the political public

Question 20

Critiques of Moral Policing

Answer 20

(Valentine, 2001)

Academic community argue increase in monitoring/policing is killing the democratic mix and vitality of the streets = the end of truly ‘public’ space.

Question 21

Role of place in shaping communities:

Answer 21

Barke and Farlane, 2001

1. Structures the daily routines of economic and social life; (functional)
2. Structures people’s life paths, providing them with both opportunities and constraints;
3. Provides an arena in which everyday, ‘common- sense’ knowledge and experience is gathered;
4. Provides a site for socialisation and social reproduction.

Question 22

2 trends have characterised urban society in the ‘Post-Fordist’ era

Answer 22

Graham and Marvin, 2001

1. Regime of Flexible Accumulation
2. ‘Splintering Urbanism’

Question 23

‘Self-illusory hedonism’

Answer 23

(Campbell, 1987)

Identities and lifestyles were created through consumption
More and more counter cultures (a way of life and set of attitudes opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm)

Question 24

1. Regime of Flexible Accumulation
2. Splintering Urbanism: Geographies of Polarisation

Polarisation can refer to the proportions in the occupational structure.

Answer 24

Idea that sourced elsewhere where cheaper is cheaper

Expansion of both low-paying and high- paying service sector jobs, is leading towards the decline of middle-incomes.

Question 25

Connectivity and Protest

Two things social media can do:

Answer 25

(Juris, 2012)

1. Networking and organisation
   Enables very broad and quick communication
2. Mobilising and congregating

Question 26

What is happening when white men go to curry-houses to order the spiciest curries they can?

Answer 26

Ben Highmore (2008)

Question 27

An example of how to investigate a commodity chain.

Illuminates Labour, Eating culture, Geopolitics of trade, and more…

Answer 27

Follow the thing: Papaya (2004)

Who picks and grows them?
– working conditions, agency 
Who trades them?
- Economic value
How are they advertised? 
-Cultural meaning
What are they like to eat?
Sensorial

Question 28

Culture vs production debate

Answer 28

Ley: changes in consumption behaviour have changed the way cities are lived in (1986)

Smith: changing land use structured by uneven investment and profit drive.
(1979)

“It does not matter whether production or consumption is viewed as more important in driving gentrification, so long as neither is completely ignored”
(Slater 2011:575)

Question 29

Brick Lane Case Study

Answer 29

Alexander (2011)

Brick lane has been home to a working class community, shaped by waves of migration. 
Cereal killer cafe targeted...

Question 30

Shoreditch Case Study

Answer 30

Harris (2012)

Light industry, warehouses, small factories in Shoreditch 80s/90s

Made it an environment which young artists could make in their own image