reduction vs emergence

Question 1

What is reduction?

Answer 1

Higher-level properties are reduced (i.e.

traced back) to basic laws and properties.

Question 2

difference between reduction and reductive explanation?

Answer 2

Reductive Explanation
Explanation of higher-level properties on the
basis of lower level laws and properties
• Higher level properties of water (freezing)
can be explained on the basis of
microphysical laws concerning H2O

Intelligibility is required unlike in reduction 
also necessity (revise the DNE).

Question 3

Emergence is?

and is it a non-physical property?

Answer 3

Emergence is when Reductive explanation fails

A property F of a system S, made up of the
constituents C1, …, Cn standing in a certain relation R
to each other, is emergent if and only if
(a) there is a law to the effect that all systems with the
same make-up have F, and if
(b) F nonetheless cannot, even in theory, be deduced
from the most complete knowledge of the
properties of the components C1, …, Cn in isolation
or in systems with a different make-up. (A.
Beckermann/C.D. Broad)

No.