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(GCSE) Religious Studies > Redemption (Y11 - Spring 2) > Flashcards

Redemption (Y11 - Spring 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Redemption Definition

A

(Means ‘to redeem’)

Jesus making up for Adam and Eve’s sin - bringing them back into a relationship with God

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2
Q

What is the Fall Of Man

A

When Adam and Eve changed from obedience to God to disobedience by eating forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden

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3
Q

What is Original Sin?

A

The Catholic teaching that the Fall of Man caused all people to be born with the tendancy to commit sin.

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4
Q

What is Sin?

A

An action or though that rejects God’s will

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5
Q

Why did God create Free Will and Sin?

A

Why gave human free will because he wants them to choose to follow…

But people misuse their free will - so sin has to exist.

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6
Q

What is God’s ‘Plan Of Salvation’?

A
  1. God creates perfect Eden
  2. Adam and Eve are created as good and immortal but with free will
  3. God and Humans enjoy relationship
  4. Adam and Eve eat fruit to having free will and this causes the first Original Sin
  5. Relationship between God and humans broken
  6. The punishment is death, pain in labour, and difficulty in work
  7. God gives law to guide humans through Moses and the Ten Commandments
  8. Humans break God’s law and worship idols instead of God
  9. God sends prophets to guide humans
  10. Humans kill prophets
  11. God comes to earth in the form of a man
  12. Jesus is killed
  13. Jesus rises from the dead
  14. Jesus rises up to heaven
  15. Through Jesus, all can go to heaven
  16. Relationship with God is restored.
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7
Q

What is Atonement

A

Atonement is making amends for wrongdoing

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8
Q

What are the four steps to Redemption (Christian Belief/Catholic Teaching)

A

Christians believe Jesus redeemed humanity through his:

  • Death
  • Burial
  • Resurrection
  • Ascension
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9
Q

How did Jesus’ Death and Burial lead to the Redemption of Humanity (Christian Belief/Catholic Teaching)

A
  • Jesus showed total obedience and continual love to God the Father during his suffering (e.g ge forgave his executioners)
  • He showed that God is with people in death (this leads on to Christian teachings about the after life)
  • Jesus was fufilling Old Testament prophecies by accepting death.
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10
Q

How did Jesus’ Resurrection lead to the Redemption of Humanity (Christian Belief/Catholic Teaching)

A
  • All four gospels tell that Jesus rose from the dead (it’s not a myth)
  • Life after death is now possible for everybody. Sin and death can be overcome (Jesus has promised his people will follow where he has gone).
  • Christians also believe that all those who haved died before Christ rose to heaven with him
  • “If Christ has not been raised, your faith, and you are in your sins.” (St. Paul)
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11
Q

How did Jesus’ Ascension lead to the Redemption of Humanity (Christian Belief/Catholic Teaching)

A
  • 40 days after the Resurrection Jesus rose up to heaven, showing that he is with the Father
  • Christians believe they will also be raised to heaven
  • For Christians, Jesus is the crown of creation, the perfection of what God wants and the promise of what awaits believers in heaven
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12
Q

What did Jesus completing the 4 steps of Redemption achieve?

A

Through the 4 steps, Jesus helped restore the ‘cosmic order’ (cosmos = universe).

This means that he made creation perfect after being broken by Adam and Eve.

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13
Q

What do Catholics believe about Salvation and Redemption

A

Catholics believe that salvation and redemption are onging… .

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14
Q

What is the difference betwen Redemption and Salvation

A

Jesus redeemed humans - which made salvation (heaven) possible.

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15
Q

What has given people Salvation in the Past

A
  • Jesus’ death, burial, resurrection, and ascension made it possible for people to enter heaven.
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16
Q

What has given people Salvation in the Present

A
  • People choose whether to accept or reject salvation - (by following Jesus’ teachings), therefore sin has to exist
  • The Holy Spirit guides people towards salvation (heaven).
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17
Q

What has given people Salvation in the Future

A
  • Salvation will be completed at the end of time - sin and death will be completely destroyed
  • (For each of us individually, salvation will be completed when we die and go to heaven)
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18
Q

How have Philosophers tried to explain the idea of Redemption

A

Philosophers have tried to explain the idea of redemption using metaphors.

St. Iranaeus used the metaphor of the ‘Tree of the Cross’ to describe salvation, while St. Anselm used the metaphor of slavery to describe salvation and redemption.

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19
Q

What Metaphor did St. Iranaeus use to describe Salvation (+ what does it mean)

A

St. Iranaeus uses the metaphor ‘Tree of the Cross’.

  • The Tree created the need for salvation… it caused the broken relationship between God and humans
  • The cross brough salvation for all (through Jesus’ death) … it restored the relationshio between God and humans.
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20
Q

What Metaphor did St. Anselm use to describe Redemption/Slavation (+ what does it mean)

A

St. Anselm uses the metaphor of slavery. During the slave trade, a slave could be freed if someone paid a ransom (money) to their owner.

  • Anselm says that after the Fall (events in the Garden of Eden), humans became slaves to sin
  • Jesus paid a ransom for the sins of all humans with his life (sacrifice)
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21
Q

What is the Conscience

A

For Christians, the conscience is the voice of God in their heart, guiding them to make the right choices.

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22
Q

What does The Second Vatican Council say the Conscience is?

A

(The conscience is…) “The most secret core of man … where he is alone with God”.

(Second Vatican Council)

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23
Q

What two sides do Catholics believe the Conscience has

A

Catholics believe the Conscience is made up of two parts:

  • One part is of ‘Natural Instincts’
    and
  • The other part ‘Needs to be Educated’
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24
Q

What do Catholics believe about how the Conscience uses Natural Instincts

A
  • People instinctively know the right thing to do. (Natural Law)
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25
Q

What do Catholics believe about how the Conscience Needs To Be Educated (And how can we Educate it)

A
  • The conscience needs to be shaped and developed so we interpret it correctly
  • We can do this by listening to others, especially Church teachings (the Bible, Magesterium, and tradition)
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26
Q

What did Blessed John Henry Newman say about how he uses his Conscience about religious decisions

A

“I toast the pope, but I toast my conscience first”
(Blessed John Henry Newman)

(this is as long as your conscience is shaped, developed, and educated from other first).

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27
Q

Salvation Definition

A

Salvation means being saved (freed) from sin and eternal separation from God.

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28
Q

Metaphor Definition

A

A metaphor is a figure of speech that helps explain an idea

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29
Q

What 4 ways are Redemption shown in the Bible

A
  • Crucifixion
  • Resurrection
  • Ascension
  • Pentecost
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30
Q

What 3 names is Jesus known in Crucifixion (in the Bible)

A
  • Jesus the example
  • Jesus the restorer
  • Jesus the Victor
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31
Q

Why/How, through the crucifixion, is Jesus the example (in the Bible)

A

Jesus knew how much suffering his crucifixion would cause him (Garden of Gethsemane) yet went through with it.

This total obedience to the Father sets an example for all to follow.

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32
Q

Why/How, through the crucifixion, is Jesus the restorer (in the Bible)

A

Jesus is often called the ‘new Adam’ because he restored the
relationship between God and humanity.

At the moment of death the veil (curtain) in the Jerusalem Temple tore in two - showing that a new era had begun and there is no longer a barrier between God and humans.

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33
Q

Why/How, through the crucifixion, is Jesus the victor (in the Bible)

A

Jesus defeated suffering, sin and death.

Because Jesus shared in the human condition, humans are now able to share in the divine condition - go to heaven.

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34
Q

How does Jesus’ Resurrection show Redemption (in the Bible)

A

After his resurrection, Jesus first appeared to Mary Magdalene but she didn’t recognise him at first (she mistook him for the gardener) because there was something different about him.

This shows that Jesus had entered a new creation where things are different – he had made all of creation new and perfect.

35
Q

How does Jesus’ Ascension show Redemption (in the Bible)

A

Jesus asked his apostles to spread his teachings after he was gone to help people reach redemption (heaven).

‘Go make disciples of all nations…. and teach them to follow the commands I gave you’. (Mt 28:19)

Jesus tells the apostles that he will send his Spirit in order to complete his work through them.
He also tells them that he will return in the future to complete the redemption of the world at the end of time.

36
Q

How does Jesus’ role in Pentecost show Redemption (in the Bible)

(The coming of the Holy Spirit (50 days after the resurrection))

A

At Pentecost the apostles were filled with the power of the Holy Spirit.

This transforms the disciples, giving them the courage and ability to go out and teach others about Jesus – helping them reach salvation.

(Note: In the Old Testament, fire and wind symbolise the presence of God.)

37
Q

What does the Priest say in the Eucharistic Prayer (+What are the Words of Institution)

A

In the Eucharistic Prayer, the priest says the exact words Jesus said at the Lasy Supper. They are called the Words of Institution.

38
Q

What are Catholic Beliefs about Holy Communion

A
  • The bread and wine, by a miracle, become the actual Body and Blood of Christ. Christ us the Real Presence
  • The moment this happen is called the Consecration - the most central part of the Mass
  • The changing of substance (from bread to body) is called transubstantiation.
  • The prayer said by the priest at the Consecration is the ‘Eucharistic Prayer’
  • In recieving Holy Communion believer become closer to God, more like Christ and recieve the strength to resist sin (leading to Salvation)
39
Q

What do the Bread and Wine turn into in Consecration

A

The bread and wine, by a miracle, become the actual Body and Blood of Christ. Christ us the Real Presence

40
Q

What is the Consecration?

A

The moment the bread and wine turn into the body and blood of Christ is called the Consecration - the most central part of the Mass

41
Q

What is the Transubstantiation

A

The changing of substance (from bread to body) is called transubstantiation.

42
Q

What prayer is said by the Priest at the Consecration

A

The prayer said by the priest at the Consecration is the ‘Eucharistic Prayer’

43
Q

How do Christians believe they get closer to Salvation in recieving Holy Communion

A

In recieving Holy Communion believer become closer to God, more like Christ and recieve the strength to resist sin (leading to Salvation)

44
Q

How do the Readings (Liturgy of the Word) reflect the understanding of Redemption

A

Catholics are reminded that God has guided his people through the years. In the gospel reading, Jesus demonstrates through his words and actions how God loves, heals, restores, and forgives all people.

45
Q

How does the Offertory reflect the understanding of Redemption

A

Here, people present bread (the hosts) and wine to God as a sign of thanksgiving.

46
Q

How does the Our Father reflect the understanding of Redemption

A

Through Christ’s redemption, believers are allowed to call God ‘Father’. At this point in the mass, they say the prayer that Christ taught, the ‘Our Father’.

47
Q

How does Communion reflect the understanding of Redemption

A

In Communion, believers recieve the Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity of Christ - everything that he is - in the form of bread and wine. Through this action:

  • Believers are brought even closer to Christ
  • They are given power and grace to resist the temptation to sin
  • Jesus’ words said in the Last Supper are remembered
48
Q

How does the End of Mass reflect the understanding of Redemption

A

After a period of silent prayer reflecting on the gift recieved in the Eucharist, Catholics go out into the world and, through their daily actions, share the presence of Christ that they have recieved in the Eucharist with everyone that they meet.

49
Q

What happens in the Eucharistic Prayer and what does the Priest Say

A

During the Eucharistic Prayer, at the consecration, the words of Jesus at the Last Supper are repeated over the bread and wine:

“Take this all of you and eat it. This is my body… This is the blood of the new and eternal covenant which will be poured out for you and all people so that sins may be forgiven. Do this in memory of me.”

50
Q

How does the Eucharistic Prayer show us about Jesus and Redemption when we reflect on the understanding of it?

A

The words repeated by the Priest (from Jesus) suggest:

  • Jesus was anticipating his death
  • Jesus was showing that his whole being was present, by saying the bread was his Body and the wine is his Blood.
  • The actions of breaking the bread and pouring the wine symbolise the death of Jesus, which he acdepted for the sake of humanity. Both aftions reflect the idea of the body and life force being destroyed
  • Jesus’ command to eat and drunk makes his followers sharers in the offering that he made to the Father on the Cross
  • The blood is the blood of the new covenant: the new promise between God and humans. It is differnt to the Old Testament covenants, as in contrast, the new covenant that Jesus seals with his blood on the cross will never end. It is a once-and-for-all sacrifice that Catholics join in at Mass.
51
Q

What is said at the End of Eucharistic Prayer (+It’s definition)

A

At the end of the Eucharistic Prayer, the doxology is said, in which praise is offered to the Father in, with and through Christ in the unity of the Holy Spirit.

52
Q

What do Catholics believe about the Mass

A

Catholics believe the Mass is the ‘source and the summit’ of Christian life… .

53
Q

How is Mass the Source of Christian life for Catholics

A
  • Recieving the Eucharist gives spiritual strength

- Offering Mass fufils the commandment to keep the Sabbath day holy

54
Q

How is Mass the Summit of Christian life for Catholics

A
  • The Mass re-enacts Christs’ sacrifice - the most important event in Christianity - so is the highest form of prayer.
55
Q

What happens in the Mass when the Words of Institution/Consecration/Eucharistic Prayer is said and why

A

The altar server will ring the bell to show that it’s the most central part of the Mass, and that the consecration is taking place.

It is done three times in order to reflect the Trinity - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

56
Q

What is the ‘Lamb of God’ (Agnus Dei) and when is it said in the Mass

A

This is a significant prayer, as it is said before Communion is distributed.

57
Q

Why do Catholics call Jesus the ‘Lamb of God’ (2 Main Reasons)

A
  1. In ancient Judaism, it was common to offer sacrifices to God to atone for sins - flour, wine, a dove, or a sheep.

The ultimate offering to God was a lamb.

Jesus was understood by early Christians as the one and only sacrifice needed to atone for sins.

  1. The lamb was the sacrifice that saved the Jews. (In the Passover)

Saying the prayer reminds Christians that Jesus is the new Lamb of God - his death (blood) was the sacrifice that destroyed sin, death, and brought salvation.

58
Q

What is Eucharistic Adoration

A

It is a short service (usually after the Mass) in which the real presence of Christ is adored and praised. (It’s also called Benediction).

  • What happens is the Consecrated Bread is put on display in something called a monstrance and lifted (the congregation kneel to show respect).
59
Q

What happens in Eucharistic Adoration and What does it symbolise

A
  • The Consecrated Bread is put on display in something called a monstrance and lifted (the congregation kneel to show respect).
  • The incense symbolises prayers going to God,
  • It does not take place during Mass.
60
Q

What do Orthodox Christians believe about Christ being present in the Eucharist

A

Like Catholics, the Orthodox Chruch teaches that the bread and wine becomes the actual body and blood of Christ. However, there is one main difference in practice:

  • The consecration takes place behind a iconstasis as it is too holy to be seen by the consecration
61
Q

Where does the Consecration take place in Orthodox Christian services

A

The consecration takes place behind a iconstasis as it is too holy to be seen by the consecration

62
Q

What is an Iconstasis (Orthodox Services)

A

An iconstasis is a screen dividing the altar (most holy part of the Church) from the congregation.

63
Q

What do Anglican Christians believe about Christ being present in the Eucharist

A

The bread and wine do not literally become the Body and Blood of Christ … rather the bread symbolises Christ’s body and the wine symbolises his blood. The emphasis is on ‘Do this in memory of me.’

Christ is present in the community that shares the Eucharist.

64
Q

What/who are Nonconformists Christians

A

These are (Protestant) Christians who do not follow the rules of a central authority, unlike Catholics and Anglicans. Examples of nonconformist are Baptists and Methodists (the Quakers are also an example of nonconformists)

65
Q

What do Nonconformist Christians believe about Christ being present in the Eucharist (what do they believe in instead)

A

For them, the Eucharist is to remember the Last Supper (not to re-enact it)

The Bible is the most central part of worship - Christ is present in the word of God.

66
Q

What do the Quakers believe about Christ being present in the Eucharist

A

The Quakers do not celebrate any form of Eucharist. They believe Christ is present through their prayers and actions - when they serve God and people.

They do not practice any sacraments as they believe the whole of life is a sacrament.

67
Q

Rank the importance of the Eucharist for the following Christian Denominations:

  • Anglicans
  • Catholics
  • Quakers
  • Baptists/Methodists
  • Orthodox
A
  1. Orthodox
  2. Catholics
  3. Anglican
  4. Baptists/Methodists
  5. Quakers
68
Q

Definitions of ‘Architecture’, ‘The church’, and ‘The Church’

A

Architecture - Design and construction of a building

The church - The building of a church

The Church - The People of God (Christians)

69
Q

For Christians today, what is the Central Focus of the Church

A

For Christians today, the altar is the central focus of the church

70
Q

How does the church inspire worship

A
  • The care taken over design and decoration shows devotion/respect for God
  • The crucifix and Stations of the Cross inspire people to reflect on Jesus’ suffering
  • It provides the community with a space to meet and worship
  • Its beauty shows God’s glory (greatness)
  • Side Chapels enable quiet, individual prayer
  • Statues of saints encourage people to follow their example
71
Q

Structure/Characteristics of Churches built before 1965

A
  • Churches were built facing Jerusalem
  • The altar was placed on the east wall and the Priest said mass with his back to the congregation
  • Churches were usually built in cruciform (cross-shaped) to remind people of the cross Jesus sacrificed himself on
  • Mass was said in Latin
72
Q

Characteristics of churches built after 1965 (after the 2nd Vatican Council)

A
  • Many churches were re-ordered, and some new ones have been built since
  • Altars were brought forward, away from the east wall, as there was an attempt to bring people closer to the worship
  • Newer churches are built around the altar so as many as possible can see and join in, enabling everyone to feel fully involved in the sacrifice.

(-The older shape of the some churches limits the amount of changes that can be made)
(-The majority of churches used by Catholics in the UK are pre-1965 churches that have been reordered)

73
Q

What 4 Ways do Catholics believe Christ is present at Mass

A
  1. Through the consecrated bread
  2. Through God’s word proclaimed in the Bible readings
  3. Through the priest acting ‘in persona Christi’ (through whom Christ works, especially in the Consecration)
  4. Through true worshippers, as the Body of Christ (the church)
74
Q

Catholic Bible Quote that shows how many people need to gather for Christ to be present

A

“When two or three are gathered in my name, Christ is present”

75
Q

What are the 4 main features in a church that show Redemption

A
  • The Lectern
  • The Altar
  • The Crucifix
  • The Tabernacle
76
Q

Why is an Altar used by Catholics and a Table by some other Christians

A

The altar is a reminder that Christ’s sacrifice is being made again through the bread and wine (Catholic Belief)

A table is used by some Christians instead of an altar, as a reminder of the Last Supper.

77
Q

How does a Lectern show Redemption

A
  • The Old Testament reading (from the Lectern) is a reminder of how God has guided his people since the beginning and of the promises God made
  • Reading from epistles, Acts, and the Book of Revelation in the New Testament guide Christians into leading their lives accordingly to Jesus
  • Reading from the Gospels pass on information about the teachings and actions. Christians believe Jesus is the Word of God made flesh, meaning Christ is truly present when the word of God is proclaimed
78
Q

How does an Altar show Redemption

A
  • During the consecration, this offering (bread and wine) is joined to Christ’s offering himself to the Father on the Cross (Paschal Sacrifice - the Last Supper, death, and resurrection of Jesus)
  • When Christ’s words of the Last Supper are repeated, the bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ.
  • Christ is really present on the altar, offering himself to the Father on behalf of humanity. In return, God the Father, through the Holy Spirit, offers the Body and Blood of Christ in communion to strengthen the lives and faith of believers.
79
Q

How does a Crucifix show Redemption

A
  • The crucifix is a reminder of all that Jesus suffered for the sake of humanity, and of the love that he showed for humans and his Father in accepting death on the cross.
  • It inspires a spirit of gratitude and love for all Christ has done for humanity. This gratitude best expresses itself in the thanksgiving that is the Eucharist.
80
Q

How does a Tabernacle show Redemption

A
  • The Tabernacle houses the Real Presence of Christ in the church
  • Many Catholics like to pray quietly in front of it. This prayer gives a deep sense of peace to believers, knowing that Christ is still there caring for them
  • Reservation of the Eucharist is important in churches where there aren’t enough priests to say mass and consecrate the bread everyday
  • Catholics hold a ‘Communion Service’ where people recieve the Body of Christ that was consecrated in the previous Mass
  • This means people stay enpowered by Christ even when Mass is not possible.
81
Q

What does an Empty Cross symbolise for Christians

A

Other Christians use an empty cross.

It emphasises Christ’s victory over death.

82
Q

What does a Crucifix symbolise for Christians

A

Catholics use a crucifix rather than a cross.

It emphasises Jesus’ suffering … it inspires thankfulness

83
Q

What does a Risen Christ on the Cross symbolise for Christians

A

Some Christians use a risen Christ, which focuses on Christ as the risen, glorified saviour.

It emphasises the importance of Jesus’ resurrection.

84
Q

How does Michelangelo’s ‘Creation of Adam’ show the promise of Redemption was there from the start?

A

Many believe that the child in the photo is Jesus. This shows that the promise of redemption was there from the beginning.

It therefore shows the idea that humans are sinful and will be redeemed (The Fall)

(GCSE) Religious Studies (10 decks)

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