red ete Flashcards
what are the two different reactions shown in the conjucitva in response to inflammation
the two reactions are follicles and papillae , follicles are collections of inflammatroy cells called lymphyocytes , appearing as white rice grain like structures , papillae on the other had present as exubrent red blood vessles giving the conjuctiva a velvety smooth and red apperance
How does meibomian gland dysfunction contribute to worsening symptoms of dry eye, particularly on awakening?
Meibomian gland dysfunction leads to unhealthy lipid secretion, causing poor tear film quality. During sleep, reduced blinking allows the unhealthy tear film to stagnate, exacerbating symptoms upon awakening.
What are the common tests used for diagnosing dry eye?
Common tests for diagnosing dry eye include the fluorescein eye drop test to assess tear film quality, Tear Film Break-Up Time (TFBUT) to evaluate tear film stability, and the Schirmer test to measure tear production.
What are some symptoms and presentations of blepharitis?
Symptoms of blepharitis include a gritty or foreign body sensation, watery eyes, and the presence of lumps or cysts on eyelid margins. Presentations may involve thickened red eyelashes, loss of eyelashes, and flaky material in the eyebrows.
How can you differentiate between viral and allergic conjunctivitis based on clinical presentation?
in viral conjunctivitis, white spots known as subepithelial infiltrates may appear in the cornea. Allergic conjunctivitis often presents with papillae due to an allergic reaction.
redness around the whole eye
diffuse redness
What is the significance of Hutchinson’s sign in herpes zoster ophthalmicus?
Hutchinson’s sign indicates the involvement of the nasociliary nerve in herpes zoster ophthalmicus. It suggests the potential presence of corneal ulcers or other complications due to varicella-zoster virus reactivation.
How does acute angle-closure glaucoma manifest clinically?
Acute angle-closure glaucoma presents with a sudden onset of severe eye pain, diffuse redness, hazy cornea, and a mid-dilated pupil due to increased intraocular pressure.
What are the three layers of tear film, and what is the function of each layer?
The three layers of tear film are the lipid layer (outermost), aqueous layer, and mucin layer (innermost). The lipid layer prevents evaporation, the aqueous layer provides moisture, and the mucin layer helps in adhering the tear film to the surface of the eye.
How does the Tear Film Break-Up Time (TFBUT) test help diagnose dry eye syndrome?
The TFBUT test involves observing how quickly dark spots appear in the tear film after instilling fluorescein. A shorter TFBUT time indicates instability of the tear film, suggesting dry eye syndrome.
What is the significance of the Schirmer test in diagnosing dry eye syndrome?
The Schirmer test measures tear production by placing a paper strip in the lower eyelid fornix. A lower wetness measurement indicates reduced tear production, which is indicative of dry eye syndrome.
What are some common viral causes of conjunctivitis, and how do they differ in presentation?
Common viral causes include herpes simplex virus and adenovirus. Herpes simplex virus may lead to dendritic ulcers, while adenoviral infections can present with subepithelial infiltrates in the cornea.
Describe the differences between adult inclusion conjunctivitis and neonatal conjunctivitis.
Adult inclusion conjunctivitis is typically sexually transmitted and presents with a red eye and discharge. Neonatal conjunctivitis occurs in infants due to exposure during childbirth and requires immediate treatment to prevent complications.
How do dendritic ulcers caused by herpes simplex virus differ from geographical ulcers?
Dendritic ulcers have a branch-like appearance due to the virus’s spread along corneal nerves, while geographical ulcers result from healed ulcers attracting blood vessels from the conjunctiva, potentially leading to poor vision.
What is the primary organism responsible for corneal ulcers in contact lens wearers, and how does it differ from other bacterial infections?
Acanthamoeba is the primary organism in contact lens-related corneal ulcers. Unlike other bacterial infections, it forms cysts and requires intensified treatment with both topical antibiotics and steroids.
What are the clinical features of acute anterior uveitis (iritis), and why is it important to investigate systemic associations?
Acute anterior uveitis presents with white dots (keratic precipitates) in the cornea and may be associated with conditions like inflammatory bowel disease or sarcoidosis, making it crucial to investigate systemic associations.
How can you differentiate between episcleritis and scleritis based on clinical findings?
Episcleritis presents with bright red blood vessels that blanch with vasoconstricting eye drops like phenylephrine. In contrast, scleritis causes deep, intense pain and is associated with systemic inflammation, potentially leading to sight-threatening complications.
What are the common causes and clinical presentations of eyelid malpositions?
Eyelid malpositions can result from conditions like entropion and ectropion, leading to eyelashes rubbing against the eye or exposure of the conjunctiva, respectively. Symptoms include redness, irritation, and foreign body sensation.
What is a subconjunctival hemorrhage, and what are its characteristics?
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is a benign condition characterized by the presence of blood under the conjunctiva. It typically presents as a painless, red patch on the white part of the eye.
What are the key differences between viral and bacterial conjunctivitis in terms of clinical presentation and management?
Viral conjunctivitis often presents with watery discharge and follicles, while bacterial conjunctivitis may have purulent discharge and papillae. Treatment for viral conjunctivitis is supportive, while bacterial conjunctivitis may require topical antibiotics.
How do corneal foreign bodies contribute to corneal abrasions, and what are the potential complications?
Corneal foreign bodies can cause corneal abrasions, leading to pain, redness, and foreign body sensation. Complications may include corneal infections or scarring if not promptly treated.
What are the clinical features and systemic associations of acute anterior uveitis (iritis)?
Acute anterior uveitis presents with eye pain, photophobia, and decreased vision. Systemic associations may include inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, or ankylosing spondylitis.
Differentiate between episcleritis and scleritis based on clinical findings and management.
Episcleritis presents with localized redness and discomfort that blanches with vasoconstrictors. Scleritis causes severe, deep pain and may be associated with systemic conditions. Management involves anti-inflammatory agents and treating underlying systemic diseases.
what medications make dry eye worse
oral histamines
