Red Book Flashcards
What are the four classifications of autonomic drugs?
Cholinergic
Cholinergic blocking
Adrenergic
Adrenergic blocking
What is the major difference between nervous and endocrine systems in the way that they affect the body?
Endocrine system uses hormones and nervous system uses electrical transmission.
What is GABA?
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.
What is the different between a sedative and a hypnotic?
The degree of CNS depression. A small dose of an agent administered to calm a patient is a sedative. A larger dose of the same agent sufficient enough to induce sleep is a hypnotic.
What is Flumazenil (Romazicon)?
A specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that has been shown to be effective in reversing benzodiazepine induced sedation and coma.
What schedule are benzodiazepines?
All benzodiazepines are schedule IV drugs because of their potential for abuse.
What is Alprazolam (Xanax)?
A benzodiazepine used for anti-anxiety.
What is Diazepam (Valium)?
A benzodiazepine.
What is Midazolam (Versed)?
A benzodiazepine.
What is Penobarbital (Nembutal)?
A short-acting barbituate. It produces an effect in 10-15 minutes and lasts 3-4 hours.
What is Phenobarbital (Luminal)?
A long-acting barbituate. It produces an effect in 60 minutes and lasts 10-12 hours.
What is the different between a sedative and a hypnotic?
The degree of CNS depression. A small dose of an agent administered to calm a patient is a sedative. A larger dose of the same agent sufficient enough to induce sleep is a hypnotic.
What is Flumazenil (Romazicon)?
A specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that has been shown to be effective in reversing benzodiazepine induced sedation and coma.
What schedule are benzodiazepines?
All benzodiazepines are schedule IV drugs because of their potential for abuse.
What is Alprazolam (Xanax)?
A benzodiazepine used for anti-anxiety.
What is Diazepam (Valium)?
A benzodiazepine.
What is Midazolam (Versed)?
A benzodiazepine.
What is Penobarbital (Nembutal)?
A short-acting barbituate. It produces an effect in 10-15 minutes and lasts 3-4 hours.
What is Phenobarbital (Luminal)?
A long-acting barbituate. It produces an effect in 60 minutes and lasts 10-12 hours.
What are the major means of controlling and integrating body functions?
Endocrine and nervous systems
What are the four primary opioid receptors in the body? And which one does not have analgesia associated with it?
Mu μ - Primary
Kappa κ - Primary
Delta δ - Little research
Sigma σ - Not associated with analgesia
What is the best know cholinergic blocking drug?
Atropine
How do cholinergic blocking drugs work?
They block the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine, decreasing its effects.
What do adrenergic drugs do?
Produce activities like those of neurotransmitters.
What does levophed do?
Alpha1 constriction
Blood pressure agent
Norepinephrine acts mainly on what kind of receptors?
Alpha
Adrenergic blocking agents fall into what two categories?
Alpha blocking and beta blocking agents
What do alpha blocking agents do?
Block the vasoconstriction effect of catecholamines.
What do selective beta-1 blocking agents do? What is another name for them?
Block the beta1 receptors in the heart
Cardio selective blockers
What do nonselective beta blocking agents do?
Inhibit beta1 receptors in the heart and beta2 receptors in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles and blood vessels
What do analgesics do? (2 things)
Take away pain at the site
Alter perception of pain
What are synthetic opiates called?
Opioids
What are some undesirable effects of opioid analgesics?
Nausea Constipation Urinary retention Cough reflex suppression Orthostatic hypotension CNS depression
What is nalmefene? Another name for it?
Opioid antagonist with a longer effect than narcan
Revex
What is the function of ganglia?
Functional border between CNS and peripheral nervous system
Pre-ganglionic synapse are?
Prior to the ganglia
Inervate the CNS
Post ganglionic synapses are?
After the ganglia
Inervate the peripheral nervous system
Sympathetic NS arises from the_____and_____ of the spinal chord.
Thoracic and lumbar region
The parasympathetic NS arise from the ______and _____ regions of the spinal chord.
Cervical and sacral
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Seratonin and Dopamine are called ________ in the CNS
Monoamine Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Seratonin and Dopamine are called ________ in the peripheral nervous system.
Catecholamines
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Seratonin and Dopamine are ______ while acetylcholine is _____ within the CNS.
Inhibitory
Stimulatory
Parasympathetic nerve fibers leave the brainstem and travel within 4 cranial nerves. What are the 4 nerves?
Oculomotor-3
Facial-7
Glossopharengeal-9
Vagus-10
What is SLUDGE?
salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastric motility, emesis
Anticholinergics do what?
oppose the parasympathetic nervous system
Visceral afferent fibers:
sensory
impulse from internal organs to CNS
Visceral efferent fibers:
Motor
impulse from the CNS to the internal organs, glands, smooth and cardiac muscles
Somatic afferent fibers:
sesory
impulses from the head, body wall and extremities to CNS
Somatic efferent fibers:
motor
impulses from the CNS to peripheral nervous system
What is acute pain?
Sudden onset of severe discomfort, or uncomfortable sensation. Usually subsides with treatment
What is chronic pain?
Persistent or recurrent pain lasting more than two weeks
What is visceral pain?
Dull, achy, cramp like pain. Difficult to localize. Responds to opioids.
What is somatic pain?
Pain in skeletal muscle, fascia, joints, ligaments. Localized easily, constant sharp pain in nature. Responds to NSAIDs.
What are opioid agonist-antagonists?
They have both analgesic and antagonistic effects.
What do NSAIDs do?
Inhibit cyclooxygenase which prohibits the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. (Anti-inflammatory/antipyretic)
What are the primary NSAIDs?
Acetic acids Fenamates Oxicams Propionic acid Salicylates
What are the three categories of anesthetics?
General
Regional
Local
What is thiopental sodium?
Truth serum!
What are secobarbitals?
Downers
What are some examples of opioid analgesics?
Morphine Codeine Dilaudid Meperidine Methadone Oxycodone Hydrocodone Propoxyphene
