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Pharmacology > Red Book > Flashcards

Red Book Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four classifications of autonomic drugs?

A

Cholinergic
Cholinergic blocking
Adrenergic
Adrenergic blocking

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2
Q

What is the major difference between nervous and endocrine systems in the way that they affect the body?

A

Endocrine system uses hormones and nervous system uses electrical transmission.

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3
Q

What is GABA?

A

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.

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4
Q

What is the different between a sedative and a hypnotic?

A

The degree of CNS depression. A small dose of an agent administered to calm a patient is a sedative. A larger dose of the same agent sufficient enough to induce sleep is a hypnotic.

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5
Q

What is Flumazenil (Romazicon)?

A

A specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that has been shown to be effective in reversing benzodiazepine induced sedation and coma.

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6
Q

What schedule are benzodiazepines?

A

All benzodiazepines are schedule IV drugs because of their potential for abuse.

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7
Q

What is Alprazolam (Xanax)?

A

A benzodiazepine used for anti-anxiety.

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8
Q

What is Diazepam (Valium)?

A

A benzodiazepine.

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9
Q

What is Midazolam (Versed)?

A

A benzodiazepine.

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10
Q

What is Penobarbital (Nembutal)?

A

A short-acting barbituate. It produces an effect in 10-15 minutes and lasts 3-4 hours.

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11
Q

What is Phenobarbital (Luminal)?

A

A long-acting barbituate. It produces an effect in 60 minutes and lasts 10-12 hours.

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12
Q

What is the different between a sedative and a hypnotic?

A

The degree of CNS depression. A small dose of an agent administered to calm a patient is a sedative. A larger dose of the same agent sufficient enough to induce sleep is a hypnotic.

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13
Q

What is Flumazenil (Romazicon)?

A

A specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that has been shown to be effective in reversing benzodiazepine induced sedation and coma.

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14
Q

What schedule are benzodiazepines?

A

All benzodiazepines are schedule IV drugs because of their potential for abuse.

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15
Q

What is Alprazolam (Xanax)?

A

A benzodiazepine used for anti-anxiety.

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16
Q

What is Diazepam (Valium)?

A

A benzodiazepine.

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17
Q

What is Midazolam (Versed)?

A

A benzodiazepine.

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18
Q

What is Penobarbital (Nembutal)?

A

A short-acting barbituate. It produces an effect in 10-15 minutes and lasts 3-4 hours.

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19
Q

What is Phenobarbital (Luminal)?

A

A long-acting barbituate. It produces an effect in 60 minutes and lasts 10-12 hours.

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20
Q

What are the major means of controlling and integrating body functions?

A

Endocrine and nervous systems

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21
Q

What are the four primary opioid receptors in the body? And which one does not have analgesia associated with it?

A

Mu μ - Primary
Kappa κ - Primary
Delta δ - Little research
Sigma σ - Not associated with analgesia

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22
Q

What is the best know cholinergic blocking drug?

A

Atropine

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23
Q

How do cholinergic blocking drugs work?

A

They block the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine, decreasing its effects.

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24
Q

What do adrenergic drugs do?

A

Produce activities like those of neurotransmitters.

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25
Q

What does levophed do?

A

Alpha1 constriction

Blood pressure agent

26
Q

Norepinephrine acts mainly on what kind of receptors?

A

Alpha

27
Q

Adrenergic blocking agents fall into what two categories?

A

Alpha blocking and beta blocking agents

28
Q

What do alpha blocking agents do?

A

Block the vasoconstriction effect of catecholamines.

29
Q

What do selective beta-1 blocking agents do? What is another name for them?

A

Block the beta1 receptors in the heart

Cardio selective blockers

30
Q

What do nonselective beta blocking agents do?

A

Inhibit beta1 receptors in the heart and beta2 receptors in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles and blood vessels

31
Q

What do analgesics do? (2 things)

A

Take away pain at the site

Alter perception of pain

32
Q

What are synthetic opiates called?

A

Opioids

33
Q

What are some undesirable effects of opioid analgesics?

A 
Nausea
Constipation
Urinary retention
Cough reflex suppression
Orthostatic hypotension 
CNS depression
34
Q

What is nalmefene? Another name for it?

A

Opioid antagonist with a longer effect than narcan

Revex

35
Q

What is the function of ganglia?

A

Functional border between CNS and peripheral nervous system

36
Q

Pre-ganglionic synapse are?

A

Prior to the ganglia

Inervate the CNS

37
Q

Post ganglionic synapses are?

A

After the ganglia

Inervate the peripheral nervous system

38
Q

Sympathetic NS arises from the_____and_____ of the spinal chord.

A

Thoracic and lumbar region

39
Q

The parasympathetic NS arise from the ______and _____ regions of the spinal chord.

A

Cervical and sacral

40
Q

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Seratonin and Dopamine are called ________ in the CNS

A

Monoamine Neurotransmitters

41
Q

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Seratonin and Dopamine are called ________ in the peripheral nervous system.

A

Catecholamines

42
Q

Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Seratonin and Dopamine are ______ while acetylcholine is _____ within the CNS.

A

Inhibitory

Stimulatory

43
Q

Parasympathetic nerve fibers leave the brainstem and travel within 4 cranial nerves. What are the 4 nerves?

A

Oculomotor-3
Facial-7
Glossopharengeal-9
Vagus-10

44
Q

What is SLUDGE?

A

salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastric motility, emesis

45
Q

Anticholinergics do what?

A

oppose the parasympathetic nervous system

46
Q

Visceral afferent fibers:

A

sensory

impulse from internal organs to CNS

47
Q

Visceral efferent fibers:

A

Motor

impulse from the CNS to the internal organs, glands, smooth and cardiac muscles

48
Q

Somatic afferent fibers:

A

sesory

impulses from the head, body wall and extremities to CNS

49
Q

Somatic efferent fibers:

A

motor

impulses from the CNS to peripheral nervous system

50
Q

What is acute pain?

A

Sudden onset of severe discomfort, or uncomfortable sensation. Usually subsides with treatment

51
Q

What is chronic pain?

A

Persistent or recurrent pain lasting more than two weeks

52
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

Dull, achy, cramp like pain. Difficult to localize. Responds to opioids.

53
Q

What is somatic pain?

A

Pain in skeletal muscle, fascia, joints, ligaments. Localized easily, constant sharp pain in nature. Responds to NSAIDs.

54
Q

What are opioid agonist-antagonists?

A

They have both analgesic and antagonistic effects.

55
Q

What do NSAIDs do?

A

Inhibit cyclooxygenase which prohibits the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. (Anti-inflammatory/antipyretic)

56
Q

What are the primary NSAIDs?

A 
Acetic acids
Fenamates
Oxicams
Propionic acid 
Salicylates
57
Q

What are the three categories of anesthetics?

A

General
Regional
Local

58
Q

What is thiopental sodium?

A

Truth serum!

59
Q

What are secobarbitals?

A

Downers

60
Q

What are some examples of opioid analgesics?

A 
Morphine
Codeine
Dilaudid
Meperidine
Methadone
Oxycodone
Hydrocodone
Propoxyphene

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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