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Pharmacology > Principles Of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Principles Of Pharmacology Flashcards

0
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms

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1
Q

What is a drug?

A

A substance ingested, injected, inhaled, or rubbed on that is used to prevent or treat a disease or condition.

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2
Q

What does USP stand for? What is it?

A

United States Pharmacopeia

It is a listing of all medications approved for use

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3
Q

What is a formulary?

A

Listing of medications

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4
Q

What does it mean to use a drug “off label?”

A

Using a drug for reasons, at doses, or by route, not approved by the FDA.

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5
Q

What 5 sources can drugs be obtained from?

A 
Plants
Animals
Minerals
Microorganisms
Synthetics
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6
Q

What are the four kinds of names all drugs have?

A

Chemical
Generic
Brand/trade
Official

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7
Q

What are the 6 rights of drug administration?

A 
Right drug
Right dose
Right time
Right route
Right patient
Right documentation
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8
Q

What are pharmacodynamics?

A

The cellular effects of a drug in the body

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9
Q

What does endogenous mean?

A

Native to the body

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10
Q

What does exogenous mean?

A

From outside the body

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11
Q

What does teratogenic mean?

A

A substance causes birth defects

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12
Q

What did the Pure Food And Drug Act of 1906 accomplish?

A

Prohibited the use of false and misleading claims
Restricted the sale of drugs that ha the potential of abuse
Designated the USP and the National Formulary

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13
Q

What did the Harrison Narcotic act of 1914 do?

A

Established the word narcotic as a legal term

It was passed to control sale of narcotics and help curb drug addiction and dependence

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14
Q

What did the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 accomplish?

A

Established the FDA

Required a drugs label list all ingredients used in preparing the drug and the directions for its use.

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15
Q

What did the Durham-Humphrey amendment do?

A

Separated drugs into nonprescription and legend (prescription) drugs

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16
Q

What did the Kefauver-Harris amendment of 1962 do?

A

Authorized the FDA to establish names for drugs

Required that new drugs safety and efficacy be established before it was approved.

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17
Q

What did the Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970 do?

A

Made the DEA
Classified drugs into five categories or schedules based on potential for abuse and physical and psychological dependence
Defined terms “drug dependency” and “drug addiction”

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18
Q

What does pregnancy category a imply for a drug?

A

Controlled studies in women fail to demonstrate risk to the fetus

19
Q

What does pregnancy category b imply for a drug?

A

Either animal studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk but there are no studies in women or animal studies have shown an adverse effect that was not confined in studies in women in the first trimester

20
Q

What does pregnancy category c imply for a drug?

A

Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the fetus and there are no controlled studies in women, or studies in women and animals are not available

21
Q

What does pregnancy category d imply for a drug?

A

There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk. (If the drug is needed in a life-threatening situation or for a serious disease where safer drugs can’t be used.)

22
Q

What does pregnancy category x imply for a drug?

A

Don’t use it.

23
Q

What are the phases of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Biotransformation (metabolism)
Excretion

24
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

Percentage of unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation

25
Q

What does a cell membrane consist of?

A

A lipid bilayer with protein molecules irregularly dispensed throughout.

26
Q

The size of loading doses are typically based on what factor?

A

Patient weight

27
Q

The size of maintenance doses are typically based on what factor?

A

Time

28
Q

What are the four general routes of administration of a drug?

A

Enteral
Parenteral
Pulmonary
Topical

29
Q

What does enteral mean?

A

Drugs administered along any portion of the GI tract

30
Q

Why are the sublingual and buccal bypass routes faster at absorbing drugs?

A

They bypass the hepatic portal system

31
Q

In which part of the intestine does much absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

32
Q

How much fluid can be injected subcutaneously?

A

.5 mL

33
Q

How much fluid can be injected IM?

A

3 mL in the deltoid

5 mL in the gluteus

34
Q

Which absorbs more rapidly, sub q or IM?

A

IM

35
Q

Where is intrathecal administration given?

A

The spinal subarachnoid space

36
Q

Intradermal administration is given where?

A

Just below the epidermis

37
Q

Which drugs can be given by ET?

A 
Lidocaine
Epinephrine
Atropine
Narcan
Vasopressin
38
Q

How do you change a drug dose for ET administration?

A

Give 2-2.5 times the dose with 10 mL normal saline

39
Q

What are the two types of drug reservoirs?

A

Plasma protein binding

Tissue binding

40
Q

What are the 2 barriers to drug distribution?

A

Blood brain barrier

Placental barrier

41
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Process by which the drug is chemically converted to a metabolite

42
Q

What is the primary site of drug metabolism?

A

Liver

43
Q

What is excretion?

A

Elimination of toxic or inactive metabolites

44
Q

What are the primary organs of excretion?

A

Kidneys

45
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Total quantity of glomerular filtrate formed each minute in all nephrons of both kidneys

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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