Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Skills > Rectal examination > Flashcards

Rectal examination Flashcards

1
Q

In what species is rectal examination performed?

A

Mare and cow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the reasons for performing a rectal exam?

A

Examine reproductive tract
Diagnose pregnancy - determine stage of gestation
Examine gastro-intestinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What requirements does this procedure need?

A 
Holding stocks
Sedation
Restraint of animal
Protective rectal sleeve
Lubrication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the major differences between the mare and the cow with rectal exams?

A

Mare - BEWARE of rectal tearing
faeces must be removed
NEVER push against contractions - withdraw hand
Cow - rectal tears only likely in young animals
can work around small amount of faeces
have to evacuate large volume of faeces
wait for contractions to pass before proceeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What considerations must be made when rectalling a mare?

A

Greater likelihood of rectal tearing
Faeces have to be evacuated beforehand
Must never push against contractions - withdraw hand before attempting again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When would a rectal examination for PD carried out in cattle?

A

Generally between 35-65 post-mating/AI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What considerations have to be made when examining cattle?

A

Rectal tears are far less likely - only in younger animals
Can palpate around small volumes of faeces
Evacuate larger quantities of faeces
If contractions occurs, have to wait before proceeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What anatomical features should be palpable?

A 
Cervix
Uterine bifurcation 
Uterine horns
Uterine artery in cows
Broad ligament
Ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What should the cervix be palpated for?

A

Its tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In cows what structures should be palpable in association with the uterine bifurcation?

A

Ventral/dorsal inter-corneal ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What has the potential to be palpated along the uterine horns?

A

Tone
Fluid content
Cotyledons in cows
Ballotting/feeling calves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When palpating the uterine artery, what should you be able to feel?

A

Its diameter

Fremitus/thrill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What structure should be palpable in association with the uterus?

A

Broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of the broad ligament?

A

Connects the uterus to pelvic walls and floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

A wide fold of peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What should be detectable from palpating the ovaries?

A

Shape
Size
Presence of follicles/CL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What should be done before rectally examining a mare?

A

Apply tail bandage
Move tail to one side
Evacuate faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What shape should your hand adopt when inserting into external anal sphincter?

A

A cone shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What external structure has to be traversed in order to access rectum?

A

External anal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What should you do if there is a peristaltic contraction in the mare?

A

Withdraw hand with contraction
Wait for relaxation to occur
Insert hand again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What must you NEVER do when rectalling a mare?

A

Never push against a contraction or permit it to pass over your hand - withdraw it and wait for her to relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In order to palpate the cervix, what is the best procedure in the mare?

A

Slowly insert arm up to shoulder, then withdraw about halfway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why should you withdraw your arm when rectalling a mare?

A

This helps the mare to relax and reduces the likelihood of her straining excessively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where should you be able to detect the cervix in the mare?

A

Should be lying midline on the pelvic floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How should a non-pregnant mare’s cervix feel?

A

Soft to the touch and with minimal tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do the uterine horns lie in relation to the cervix of the mare?

A

They pass dorsally to either side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What should the texture of the uterine horns be?

A

Quite flaccid to palpate

28
Q

What is the best technique for palpating the reproductive tract of the mare?

A

Palpate cervix
Follow cervix to uterine bifurcation, then continue up 1 horn
Then retreat to bifurcation to continue up other horn

29
Q

What two signs could be indicative of early pregnancy in the mare?

A

Increased uterine tone

Slight enlargement of one uterine horn

30
Q

What shape are equine ovaries?

A

Kidney-shaped

31
Q

Where are the ovaries located in the mare?

A

At the end of each uterine horn, against the broad ligament

32
Q

What should be done before performing a rectal examination in a cow?

A

Move tail to one side

Evacuate faeces if present in a large amount

33
Q

What should you do if the cow has a peristaltic contraction against your arm?

A

Stop advancing your arm

Wait for contraction to pass over your hand/arm

34
Q

What should you do if examining a young cow or heifer with a peristaltic contraction? Why?

A

Should withdraw your hand/arm with contraction

Wait for relaxation then re-insert

35
Q

How should you go about palpating the bovine cervix?

A

With arm about halfway in, perform a pelvic sweep to locate cervix

36
Q

Where should the cervix be located in a cow?

A

Should be midline on pelvic floor

37
Q

What is the texture of the cervix in a cow?

A

It should have a meaty feel to it

38
Q

Whereabouts is the uterus located within pelvic cavity?

A

Uterus often hangs over brim of pelvis, deep within abdomen

39
Q

What can be done to make examination of the bovine uterus easier?

A

Withdrawing the uterus caudally into the pelvis

40
Q

How should you examine a cow’s uterus?

A

Gently grasp cervix, pulling it dorsally and caudally

This should introduce the uterine bifurcation into the pelvis

41
Q

What structure is palpable between the uterine bifurcation in a cow?

A

Dorsal and ventral inter-cornual ligament

42
Q

Which of the inter-cornual ligaments is most fragile, therefore should not be drawn on to displace uterine horns?

A

Dorsal inter-cornual ligament

43
Q

Which inter-cornual ligament should be used to withdraw uterus into pelvis?

A

Ventral inter-cornual ligament

44
Q

How should non-pregnant uterine horns feel when palpated?

A

Tone should be fairly firm

Horns should be equal in size

45
Q

What shape are cow ovaries descried as?

A

Rounded

46
Q

Which direction do the uterine horns curve in a cow?

A

Ventrally

47
Q

What should be checked when palpating a bovine ovary?

A

Texture of its surface - follicles/CL

Estimation of its size

48
Q

If ovaries are unusually large, what might this be due to?

A

Cystic ovaries

49
Q

What should ovarian follicles feel like when palpated?

A

Fluid-filled blisters that slightly protrude from surface of ovary

50
Q

How does the texture of a CL compare to that of a follicle?

A

CL is a much harder protrusion from the ovarian surface

51
Q

How is PD performed in cattle?

A

Palpating uterine horns

52
Q

What should be avoided when performing a PD on a cow? Why?

A

Do not palpate ovaries or aggressively manipulate organs - this may result in abortion

53
Q

At what gestation period is the pregnant horn bouncy and thin-walled to the touch; its diameter at 2 inches; and the non-pregnant horn lacks bounce and remains thick-walled in a cow?

A

6 weeks

54
Q

What is the palpable difference between 6 and 7 weeks pregnancy in a cow?

A

The pregnant horn has increased in diameter from 2 to 3 inches

55
Q

How would the uterine horns be described at 7 weeks pregnancy in a cow?

A

Pregnant horn - bouncy and thin walled
Non-pregnant horn - lacks bounce and thick walled
Diameter - 3 inches

56
Q

By 8 weeks pregnancy, what should be palpable in the cow?

A

Both horns - bouncy and thin walled

Diameter - both 3 inches

57
Q

At what point in cattle pregnancy is there bounce in both uterine horns, no cotyledons, a ballotable calf, and a pregnant horn sized at half a small football

A

9 weeks pregnancy

58
Q

What palpable features determine pregnancy at 10 weeks in a cow?

A

Bounce in both uterine horns
Calf can be balloted
No cotyledons are palpable
Pregnant horn has reached size of grapefruit

59
Q

How does pregnancy at 10 weeks differ from that of 11 weeks?

A

Pregnant horn has increased from grapefruit to football size
Small cotyledons are palpable
Calf can be felt rather than ballotted

60
Q

Describe palpable findings at 11 weeks gestation.

A

Bounce detectable in both horns
Pregnant horn reached size of football
Small cotyledons are palpable
Calf can be felt rather than ballotted

61
Q

What size are the cotyledons at 5mo?

A

30mm

62
Q

How is the uterine artery described at 5 months pregnancy?

A

7-9mm in diameter

Thrill detectable

63
Q

When cotyledons have reached 25mm in size, what point is this is pregnancy?

A

4 months

64
Q

What can be detected at 3 months pregnancy?

A

Cotyledons have reached 20mm in size

Uterine artery is very small and a pulse is detectable

65
Q

At 4 months pregnancy, how does the uterine artery feel?

A

2-3mm in diameter

Detectable thrill

Clinical Skills (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions