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Clinical Skills > Herbivore dental > Flashcards

Herbivore dental Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term hypsodont mean?

A

Refers to teeth that erupt continuously throughout the majority of the animal’s life

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2
Q

Which species have adult hypsodont teeth?

A

Horses, cows, rabbits, rodents

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3
Q

What is the term describing the natural mismatching of the maxilla and mandible in the horse?

A

Anisognathism

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4
Q

What is the deciduous dental formula for a horse?

A

2x (I 3/3 C 0/0 M 3/3) = 24 teeth

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5
Q

Is this dental formation deciduous or permanent in the horse: 2x (I 3/3 C 1/1 or 0/0 PM 3/3 or 4/4 M 3/3) = 36-44 teeth

A

Permanent hypsodont teeth

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6
Q

What species has a dental formula of I 2/1 C 0/0 M 3/3 = 9 teeth

A

Rabbit

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7
Q

What is a peg tooth, and which species has them?

A

The peg tooth is the 2nd maxillary incisor sitting behind the 1st in the rabbit

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8
Q

Which teeth in the horse are examined for dental ageing?

A

Incisors

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9
Q

What is tooth eruption?

A

The time at which the tooth becomes visible at the gingival margin

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10
Q

How many deciduous cheek teeth are present within a foal’s first week of life?

A

PM 3/3

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11
Q

Which premolar might not be present?

A

Premolar 1 (05)

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12
Q

Which tooth is also known as the wolf tooth? What kind of tooth is this?

A 
Premolar 1 (05)
A small brachydont tooth
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13
Q

At what age are deciduous teeth shed?

A

2.5 yrs

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14
Q

What is the name of the cementum-filled depression on the occlusal surgace of the tooth?

A

Infundibulum

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15
Q

What is the empty infundibulum called?

A

A cup

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16
Q

What do dental cups look like?

A

Dark appearance due to collected food particles

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17
Q

Once the cup is filled in, what is it called?

A

A dental mark

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18
Q

What cells are responsible for production of secondary dentine for replacing gradual wear of incisors?

A

Odontoblasts

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19
Q

Describe the role of odontoblasts in equine incisors.

A

As the incisors experience gradual wear, odontoblasts situated on the periphery of the pulp cavity produce secondary dentine in replacement to prevent exposure of the sensitive pulp cavity

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20
Q

What visible sign does the production of secondary dentine result in on the labial aspect of the incisors?

A

Dental stars

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21
Q

On which teeth are dental stars first detected?

A

Central incisors

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22
Q

Describe the appearance of a dental star.

A

Appears brown in most horses due to discolouration with food pigments; after a few year in wear a white spot appears centrally

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23
Q

Why does a white spot appear within dental stars?

A

Differently arranged dentine tubules produced by odontoblasts

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24
Q

How does the angle between the upper and lower incisors change with age?

A

In young horses, this angle is approximately 180°; once past 10yo this angle becomes progressively more acute

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25
Q

What is the name for the enamel groove seen on the corner incisor, I3?

A

Galvayne’s groove

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26
Q

At what age is Galvayne’s groove first seen?

A

Appears at the gingival line at approximately 11yo

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27
Q

Which jaw is wider in the horse, causing anisognathia?

A

Maxilla is wider than mandible

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28
Q

What is the potential effect of anisognathia?

A

With inadequate dental wear, this is likely to result in spurs developing on the buccal aspect of maxillary teeth, and lingual aspect of mandibular teeth

29
Q

Why are differently shaped rasps needed for horses?

A

Due to the maxillary dental arcade and the Curve of Spee thus requires different rasping angles to be achieved to accommodate the normal plane of each tooth

30
Q

What does the Curve of Spee refer to?

A

A dorsoventral curvature following the course of the maxillary teeth

31
Q

Describe the shape and roots of a maxillary cheek tooth.

A

Square in shape
Have 2 infundibulae
Have 3 roots

32
Q

How do mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth compare?

A

Maxillary teeth have 1 more root, are more square in shape and have an infundibulum whereas mandibular teeth are rectangular and have infolded enamel and only 2 roots

33
Q

What does an tooth infundibulum look like?

A

Pale in appearance due to underlying cementum prior to filling with food (as a dental cup)

34
Q

What are the features of a mandibular cheek tooth?

A

Overall rectangular shape
Infolding peripheral enamel instead of infundibulum
Has 2 roots

35
Q

In rabbits, what are the reserve crowns of the maxillary arcade within close apposition to?

A

Infraorbital canal

36
Q

How often are dental examinations recommended for horses?

A

Annually from birth, then increased to 6-monthly once older than 12yrs

37
Q

What is the name of the numbering system used for teeth?

A

Triadan numbering system

38
Q

What oral features are noted on dental records?

A

Condition of teeth

  • any missing
  • presence of calculus
  • presence of gingivitis
  • diastemata
  • caries
  • enamel points or hooks
  • fractures
  • mobile teeth
39
Q

What is caries?

A

The decay and crumbling of tooth or bone

40
Q

What is the symbol denoted for a fractured tooth?

A

#

41
Q

What does X mean on dental records

A

Extracted tooth

42
Q

What does a black box mean on dental records?

A

Missing tooth

43
Q

What does P (mm) stand for?

A

Periodontal pocket

44
Q

What should be done prior to examination in rabbits?

A

Mouth should be flushed out with dilute chlorhexidine or 0.96% saline solution for removing any food debris

45
Q

What should examination of a rabbit incorporate?

A 
Facial symmetry
Intermandibular space
Parotid salivary glands
Submandibular lymph nodes
Cheeks over teeth
Lateral movement of mandible
46
Q

Why must care be taken when rasping the lower check teeth in rabbits?

A

Branches of the lingual artery run closely medially to these teeth

47
Q

Why should the mouth be flushed post-procedure? What agent is recommended?

A

To remove remaining dental dust

Dilute chlorhexidine

48
Q

What is the recommendation for dental care in rabbits?

A

Minimum of 6 monthly

Ideally every 3mo

49
Q

What does a full dental examination entail in a rabbit?

A

General anaesthesia

Tracheal intubation

50
Q

What general checks should be incorporated with a oral examination?

A

Assess incisors for occlusion and abnormalities
Presence of canines (horses)
Palpate diastemata
Check lips for scars or masses

51
Q

What is another name for the diastemata?

A

Bars

52
Q

Which teeth should be rasped prior to inserting the Hausmann gag?

A

Buccal angle of maxillary cheek teeth

53
Q

Why should the buccal angle of the maxillary cheek teeth be rasped prior to inserting the Hausemann gag?

A

To prevent any sharp points from damaging the buccal mucosa when the cheeks are drawn tight against the teeth

54
Q

What style of rasp should be used for the first 3 premolars?

A

A short, offset-angle rasp

55
Q

Which teeth are rasped by a straight rasp?

A

Rostral molars

56
Q

Why is a long forward-angled rasp necessary for the caudal 2 molars in horses?

A

To reach the caudal 2 molars, whilst accounting for the buccal curvature of the dental arcade

57
Q

What style of rasp is needed for the caudal most molars?

A

A long, forward-angled rasp

58
Q

Which teeth should be rasped prior to inserting a gag in both species, and why?

A

Buccal angle of the maxillary teeth should be rasped, to prevent any spurs from damaging the buccal mucosa

59
Q

When do the deciduous incisors and premolars appear in foals?

A

I1 - 1wo
I2 - 4-6w0
I3 - 6-9mo
PM2,3,4 are present from birth

60
Q

When do each of the permanent incisors erupt?

A

I1 - 2.5yo
I2 - 3.5yo
I3 - 4.5yo

61
Q

When do the permanent molars emerge?

A

M1 - 1yo
M2 - 2yo
M3 - 3.5yo

62
Q

At what ages do the premolars replace their deciduous counterparts?

A

PM2 - 2.5yo
PM3 - 3yo
PM4 - 4yo

63
Q

When do rabbits shed their juvenile dentition?

A

Within a few days of birth

64
Q

What is the common problem associated with rabbit diets?

A

Inappropriate diet or occlusion typically results in tooth elongation over time -> this places pressure on the alveolar nerve thus causing pain

65
Q

At what age do dental stars begin appearing on equine incisors?

A

I1 - 5yo
I2 - 6yo
I3 - 7yo

66
Q

When do white spots appear on adult horse incisors?

A

I3 - 8yo
I2 - 9yo
I3 - 9-15yo

67
Q

What are the age categories for dental cups of the incisors disappearing?

A

I1 - 6-7yo
I2 - 7-11yo
I3 - 9-15yo

68
Q

Subsequently, when do equine dental marks disappear?

A

I1 - 15yo
I2 - 16yo
I3 - 17yo

Clinical Skills (8 decks)

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