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History > Reconstruction and Western Expansion > Flashcards

Reconstruction and Western Expansion Flashcards

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1
Q

Amendment

A

An amendment is a formal change to the U.S. Constitution. During Reconstruction, three key amendments were passed. Granted rights and freedom to ex-slaves

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2
Q

13th Amendment

A

Abolished slavery (1865).

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3
Q

14th Amendment

A

Gave citizenship and “equal protection under the law” to all born in the U.S., including freed slaves (1868).

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4
Q

15th Amendment

A

Gave Black men the right to vote (1870).

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5
Q

Black Codes

A

laws passed in Southern states to limit the freedom of blacks after the Civil War. These laws forced freedmen into low-paying jobs and restricted their movement and rights. Andrew’s Reconstruction

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6
Q

Black Reconstruction

A

Reconstruction by Congress. Freedmen held political office, established schools, and rebuilt communities. Aimed to empower blacks

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7
Q

Carpetbaggers

A

Carpetbaggers were Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War to gain political power or profit. Many supported Republican Reconstruction and worked to help freed slaves, but Southerners viewed them as opportunists.

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8
Q

Civil Rights Act of 1866

A

This law granted citizenship and equal rights to all men born in the U.S., regardless of race. It was Congress’s response to Southern Black Codes and was passed over President Andrew Johnson’s veto.

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9
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau

A

Federal agency created in 1865 to help freed slaves and poor whites in the South. It provided food, schools, medical care, and legal assistance.

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10
Q

Impeachment

A

Congress charges a president with wrongdoing. In 1868, President Andrew Johnson was impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act by firing a cabinet member. He avoided removal by one vote. Showed power struggle between him & Radical Republicans

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11
Q

Literacy Test

A

Exam designed to deny voting rights to Blacks. Many blacks were denied education, so tests impossible to pass

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12
Q

Pardon

A

A pardon forgives a person for crimes. President Andrew Johnson issued pardons to many former Confederate leaders, allowing them to regain political power.Showed his bad approach to Reconstruction

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13
Q

Radical Republicans

A

A group in Congress who wanted to punish the South and protect freed slaves’ rights. They opposed President Andrew Johnson’s leniency and passed laws like the Civil Rights Act and Reconstruction Amendments.

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14
Q

“Redeemer” Governments

A

Redeemer governments were Southern leaders who took power after Reconstruction ended. They aimed to “redeem” the South by restoring white supremacy and undoing Reconstruction reforms. Reversed progress of Reconstruction

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15
Q

Reconstruction

A

(1865–1877) when the U.S. rebuilt the South and integrated freed slaves into society. Two approaches were taken:

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16
Q

Reconstruction Amendments

A

ended slavery, granted citizenship, and protected voting rights for African Americans. Radical Republic Reconstruction

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17
Q

Tenure of Office Act

A
  1. This law prevented the president from removing cabinet members without Senate approval. Johnson’s violation of this law led to his impeachment.
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18
Q

Thaddeus Stevens

A

A Radical Republican leader who pushed for harsh Reconstruction policies and equal rights for African Americans.

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19
Q

“Equal Protection”

A

14th Amendment. This principle guarantees that all people receive the same legal protection under the law.

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20
Q

Military Reconstruction Act

A
  1. divided the South into five military districts overseen by Union troops to enforce Reconstruction policies.
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21
Q

Compromise of 1877

A

An agreement that ended Reconstruction. In exchange for withdrawing Union troops from the South, Rutherford B. Hayes became president.

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22
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

A system of laws that enforced racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction. Jim Crow laws reversed many Reconstruction gains.

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23
Q

Sharecropping

A

A farming system where freed slaves rented land and gave part of their crops as payment. It often trapped them in debt and poverty.

24
Q

Homestead Act of 1862

A

This law gave 160 acres of free land to settlers who lived on and improved the land for five years. Encouraged Western Expansion

25
Q

Assimilation

A

Forcing Native Americans to adopt white American culture, religion, and customs. Tied to Western Expansion as settlers took Native lands.

26
Q

Battle of the Little Bighorn

A

In 1876, Native American leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated U.S. troops.

27
Q

Dawes Act of 1877

A

A law that broke up Native American reservations and gave land to individuals. It aimed to assimilate Native Americans into farming.

28
Q

Promontory Summit

A

The place in Utah where the first Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869. GOLDEN SPIKE

29
Q

Wounded Knee Massacre

A

In 1890, U.S. troops killed over 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee as a result of Ghost Dance, marking the end of Native resistance.

30
Q

Pacific Railroad Act of 1862

A

This law provided government land and loans to build the Transcontinental Railroad.

31
Q

Nez Perce War of 1877

A

A conflict where Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce tried to flee to Canada but were captured by U.S. troops.

32
Q

A Century of Dishonor

A

A book by Helen Hunt Jackson that criticized the U.S. government’s mistreatment of Native Americans. Highlighted injustice of western Expansion

33
Q

Land Grants

A

Government gifts of land to railroads. Square mile of land for mile of railroad laid

34
Q

Andrew Johnson

A

17th president. Favored lenient Reconstruction. Pardoned Confederates. Clashed with Radical Republicans.

35
Q

Abraham Lincoln

A

16th president. Led the Civil War. Pushed to end slavery. Favored unity.

36
Q

Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address

A

1865 speech urging reconciliation: “malice toward none, charity for all.” Called for unity after the Civil War.

37
Q

John Wilkes Booth

A

Confederate sympathizer who assassinated Lincoln in 1865. His actions disrupted moderate Reconstruction plans.

38
Q

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

A

White supremacist group formed in the South. Used violence and terror to suppress Black voting and civil rights during and after Reconstruction.

39
Q

Juneteenth

A

June 19, 1865. Union troops enforced freedom for enslaved people in Texas, marking the final enforcement of the Emancipation Proclamation. End of slavery during reconstruction

40
Q

Charles Sumner

A

Radical Republican senator. Advocated for Black civil rights, including voting, education, and racial equality. Wrote “barbarism of slaves”

41
Q

Poll Tax

A

Fee charged to vote, primarily targeting poor Black voters to block political participation.
Theme: Reconstruction and Jim Crow suppression.

42
Q

Harvey girl

A

Women hired to work in Harvey House restaurants along railroads. Provided meals to travelers and helped promote settlement and “civilize” the West.

43
Q

Helen Hunt Jackson

A

Author of A Century of Dishonor (1881), which exposed U.S. mistreatment of Native Americans.

44
Q

Joseph (the Younger)

A

Leader of the Nez Perce tribe during the Nez Perce War of 1877. Famous for his surrender speech.

45
Q

Pullman porter

A

Black men hired to work on luxury Pullman railroad cars. Offered employment but reinforced racial stereotypes.

46
Q

Sand Creek massacre

A

1864 attack where U.S. soldiers killed over 150 Cheyenne and Arapaho people, mostly women and children. Conducted hy John M. Chivington

47
Q

Pacific Railroad Act of 1862

A

Law providing land grants and funds to build the Transcontinental Railroad.

48
Q

Morrill Act of 1862

A

Gave federal land to states to build colleges focused on agriculture and mechanics.
Theme: Western Expansion – education and land use.

49
Q

paternalism

A

Belief that certain groups (like slaves or Native Americans) needed “guidance” or control. Justified oppression. Treated them like children

50
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

1896 Supreme Court case that upheld segregation under “separate but equal.”

51
Q

elections of 1866, 1876

A

1866: Radical Republicans won Congress, enabling strict Reconstruction. Congress election

1876: Disputed election led to the Compromise of 1877, ending Reconstruction. Hayes won
Theme: Reconstruction politics.

52
Q

Union Pacific Railroad

A

Built the eastern part of the Transcontinental Railroad. Met Central Pacific at Promontory Summit.

53
Q

grandfather clause

A

Allowed people to vote if their ancestors had voted before Reconstruction. Disenfranchised Black voters.

54
Q

End of Civil War, assassination of Abraham Lincoln year

A

1865

55
Q

Compromise that ends Reconstruction

A

Compromise of 1877

History (5 decks)

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