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History > Am Revolution > Flashcards

Am Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Amendment

A

Formal change to Constitution that shapes US laws and rights. 2/3 of Congress and 3/4 of state legislatures

Bill of Rights
13th Amendment

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2
Q

Articles of Confederation

A
  1. First constitution of US, creating a weak government. Replaced by Constitution 1789 due to inability to effectively govern
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3
Q

Battle of Lexington / Concord

A
  1. Start of American Revolution War.
    First military engagement between Britain and American colonists
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4
Q

Battle of Saratoga

A
  1. Crucial turning point in American Rev. Ended in a decisive American victory, convincing France formally ally with US
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5
Q

Battle of Yorktown

A
  1. Final major battle of American Rev. American and French forces defeated British, leading to eventual surrender of British General Cornwallis and securing independence for US
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6
Q

Joe Biden

A
  1. 46th president of US. Known for his focus on climate change, and economic recovery efforts
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7
Q

Bill of Rights

A
  1. 10th amendment, guaranteeing fundamental rights like freedom of speech, religious. Created to protect individual liberties and limit government power
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8
Q

Checks and balances

A

System in US government that prevents any branch from becoming too powerful by allowing each branch to limit actions of others

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9
Q

Constitution

A
  1. Supreme law of US, establishing framework for federal government and outlining rights of citizens. Created system of checks and balances
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10
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

1787 in Philadelphia. Delegates gathered to address weaknesses of Articles of Confederation. Resulting in drafting US constitution

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11
Q

Lord Charles Cornwall

A

British Army officer and colonial admin during American Rev. Known for his tole in Siege of Yorktown 1781, where his surrender to American and French forces effectively ended the war

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12
Q

Declaration of independence

A
  1. Document American used to declare independence. Drafted by Thomas Jeff.
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13
Q

Enlightenment

A
  1. Age of reasoning, influencing modern democracies and ideas about liberty and rights
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14
Q

Executive Branch

A

1/3 branches of US government, responsible for enforcing laws and administering government functions. Headed by President

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15
Q

Federalism

A

System or government in which power is divided between central authority and individual states. Allows states to exercise certain powers independently while federal government handles national issues

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16
Q

Federalist papers

A
  1. 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Published to promote ratification of US constitution and explain principles of proposed government, advocating for a strong central authority
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17
Q

Franco-American Alliance

A
  1. Military alliance between US and France. Provided crucial support America needed including aid and recognition of American socereignty
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18
Q

George 3

A
  1. Developed Stamp Act and Townshend. His actions lead to colonies declaring for independence
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19
Q

Great Conpormise

A
  1. Known as Connecticut Compromise. Established bicameral legislature, creating house of Representatives with representatives based on population and Senate with equal representation for each states, balancing interests of all states
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20
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A

Founding father of US and first secretary of Treasury. Key architect of American financial system, advocating for strong central government, a national bank, and assumption of state debts while also being prominent author of Federalist Papers

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21
Q

House of Representatives

A

1/2 chambers of US congress, established by Constitution. Responsible for making federal laws and is elected based on population of each state

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22
Q

Val Hoyle

A

American politician serving as US representative for Oregon’s 4th congressional district since 2023

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23
Q

Interstate Commerce Clause

A

Grants Congress the power to regulate exchange of goods among states. Allows federal regulations of economic activities that cross state lines

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24
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

A key Founding Father. Drafted Declaration of Independence and promoted individual rights, religious freedom, and separation of church and state

25
Q

Judicial Branch

A

1/3 branches of US government, responsible for interpreting laws and admining justice. headed by Supreme Court and includes lower federal courts

26
Q

Magna Carta

A

Signed 1215. Foundational document in history of Democracy and constitutional law. Everyone has to follow the law

27
Q

Land Ordinance

A
  1. Law passed by US Congress that established systematic process for surveying and selling public land in Northwest Territory. Aimed to raise revenue for federal government and encourage westward expansion by dividing land into townships and sections
28
Q

Legislative Branch

A

1/3 Branch of US government, responsible for making laws. Composed of 2 chambers: House of representatives and Senate, known as Congress. Has power to draft legislation, control federal spending

29
Q

Legislature (State)

A

Legislative body of a US state. Responsible for making laws and overseeing state government. Handles state budgets, education, and public safety

30
Q

John Locke

A

English philosopher whose ideas greatly influenced Enlightenment and development of modern political thoughts. Wrote Common Sense

31
Q

James Madison

A

“Father of Constitution” and a key architect for US Constitution and Bill of Rights. Co-author of Federalist Papers

32
Q

Jeff Merkley

A

American politician serving as US Senator from Oregon since 2009. Focuses on healthcare, climate change, and econ equality

33
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

French philosopher known for ideas of separation of powers, outlined in his work “The Spirit of the Law”. Influenced US Constitution and establishment of checks and balances

34
Q

Natural / Inalienable Rights

A

Fundamental rights that individuals have inherently, not granted by government. Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness

35
Q

Northwest Ordinance

A
  1. provided method of admitting new states to Union and set important precedents for land policy, public edu, and prohibition of slavery in territory
36
Q

Preamble (Constitution)

A

Introductory statement that outlines document’s purpose and guiding principles. Emphasizes goals like promoting justice, ensuring domestic tranquility, providing common defense and securing blessings of liberty

37
Q

Popular Sovereignty

A

Principle that authority of a government is created and sustained by consent of people through election. Consent was foundational in formatting US government

38
Q

Ratification

A

Formal approval process of an agreement or constitutional amendment. In context of US constitution, it refers to process by which document was approved by states, requiring consent of 9 out of 13 states to become effective

39
Q

John Roberts

A

Chief Justice of US, having been appointed by President George W. Bush in 2005.

40
Q

2nd Continental Congress

A

Convened in 1775, shortly after Rev started. Serviced as governing body of American colonies. Managed the colonial war effort, appointing George Washington as commander of Continental Army, and adapted Declaration of Independence in 1776

41
Q

Separation of Power

A

Constitutional principle that divides government powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent any branch from becoming too powerful and ensure checks and balances

42
Q

Senate

A

1/2 Chambers of US congress, consisting of 100 people. Each state represented by 2 senators. Responsible for making federal laws, ratifying treaties, and confirming presidential appointments, serving as a check on House of Representatives

43
Q

Shays’s Rebellion

A
  1. Led by Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays in response to economic hardship and oppressive tax policies. Highlighted weakness of Articles of Confederation
44
Q

Social Contract

A

Government take part of freedom in exchange for protection

45
Q

Three-fifth clause

A

Slaves were 3/5 of a person

46
Q

Veto

A

Power of executive authority, such as president or governor, to reject a proposed law or bill passed by legislative branch. President can veto legislation, which Congress can override with 2/3 majority in both houses

47
Q

Treaty of Paris

A
  1. Officially ended American Rev War, recognizing independence of US. Established borders for new nation and addressed various issues between US and Great Britain
48
Q

George Washington

A

First president, and key leader during American Rev War. Often referred to as “Father of His Country”. Crucial in founding nation, presiding over Constitutional Convention and establishing many precedents for the presidency

49
Q

Ron Wyden

A

American politician serving as US Senator from Oregon since 1996. member of Democratic Party and known for his work on healthcare, tax reform, and privacy rights

50
Q

Branches of US government

A

Legislative:
- house of representatives
- Senate

Executive:
- President
- judges and other officials

Judicial
- Lifetime judicial appoibtments

51
Q

Year of Declaration of Independence

A

1776

52
Q

Year of Cornwall surrender at Yorktown

A

1781

53
Q

Constitutuon Conveneion year

A

1787

54
Q

Constitution Ratified, George Washington takes office year

A

1789

55
Q

Writers of Federalist papers

A

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

56
Q

Writers of Federalist papers

A

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

57
Q

Congress

A

Each states send elected house of rep and senates to Congress to vote

58
Q

Purpose of declaration of independence

A
  1. Justify US’s decision to break away from
    Britain
  2. Government are legitimate only if they protect people
  3. People can rebel when government doesn’t protect
59
Q

Federalism in Constitution

A
  1. Interstate commerce (10th amendment)
  2. Establish concurrent power where both levels of government can act

History (4 decks)

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