Reconciliation with old enemies and the return of Hong Kong (1978–97)

Question 1

What significant event in Sino-US relations took place in 1972?

Answer 1

President Nixon’s visit to China, which included the signing of the Shanghai communiqué

Question 2

What was the Shanghai communiqué?

Answer 2

Diplomatic document outlining the hope of a renewed friendship between China and the USA

Question 3

What did the PRC secure membership of in 1971?

Answer 3

The UN and permanent membership of the UN Security Council; PRC replaced ROC (Taiwan) as the ‘official’ China

Question 4

China’s abstention rate in 1970s and 1980s?

Answer 4

1970s: On 32.3% of votes
1980s: On 6.2% of votes

Question 5

When did China stand up to the USA on the UN Security Council?

Answer 5

1981: Blocked the reappointment of US-sponsored Kurt Waldheim as UN Secretary-General, in favour of a Tanzanian

Question 6

Early example of China taking the lead in international diplomacy at the UN?

Answer 6

Supported UN Resolution 462, which called an emergency meeting to discuss the USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1980

Question 7

What action hurt China’s new relationship with the West?

Answer 7

The squashing of pro-democracy protests at Tiananmen Square in June 1989

Question 8

How many troops were mobilised in Beijing to stop the Tiananmen Square protest?

Answer 8

300,000

Question 9

How many civilian casualties were there at Tiananmen Square?

Answer 9

2,500 (estimate)

Question 10

What did China receive just days after supporting contentious military action in the Gulf War in 1990?

Answer 10

World Bank loan of $114.3 million (USD) to support rural industries in China

Question 11

Where did China support UN peacekeeping missions in the 1990s?

Answer 11

Rwanda, Somalia and Haiti

Question 12

What is the IMF?

Answer 12

International Monetary Fund

Gives non-descript loans to nations in times of economic crisis or recession

Question 13

What is the World Bank?

Answer 13

Gives loans to nations for specific projects, usually infrastructural

Question 14

What advice from the IMF did China act on in 1986?

Answer 14

To increase interest rates and devalue the currency

Question 15

1980: Five development loans from World Bank to China?

Answer 15

$200 million - Education: Science and engineering at Universities
$125 million - Increase capacity of freight harbours
$60 million - drainage and irrigation in Shandong
$75 million - Agricultural research
$70 million - Allow Chinese Investment Bank to loan foreign exchanges to industry

Question 16

Number of loans to China between 1980 and 1992 from World Bank?

Answer 16

192 loans worth a total of $30 billion

Question 17

What was one of the most successful World Bank funded projects in China?

Answer 17

The Lubuge Hydroelectric Project (1984)

Question 18

When did the World Bank visit China?

Answer 18

1989

Question 19

When did China sign a trade agreement with the EEC?

Answer 19

1978; extended by another deal in 1985

Question 20

How did the EEC react to the Tiananmen Square incident of 1989?

Answer 20

Arms Embargo until 1997

Question 21

Total worth of bilateral trade between China and the EEC in 1995?

Answer 21

$45.6 billion (USD)

Question 22

Which nations were part of the Zone of Peace,

Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFRAN) in Asia?

Answer 22

China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam and Indonesia
All became important trading partners

Question 23

How much did China invest in Africa between 1979 and 1990?

Answer 23

$51 million

Question 24

What did China and Japan sign in 1978?

Answer 24

Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between the

People’s Republic of China and Japan

Question 25

How did China benefit from new relationship with Japanese?

Answer 25

China received high-end technology,
industrial plants and construction machinery
Low interest loans

Question 26

How did Japan benefit from new relationship with Chinese?

Answer 26

Crude oil, coal, access to Chinese markets for consumer goods

Question 27

How did Japan invest in China in 1978-80?

Answer 27

Four major assistance packages amounting to $13 billion

Question 28

Example of Japanese investment in China?

Answer 28

Baoshan steel complex in Shanghai

Question 29

When was the first Japanese state visit to China?

Answer 29

1988

Question 30

Who visited China in 1978?

Answer 30

US National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski

Question 31

How did China and the USA commence full diplomatic relations in 1979?

Answer 31

Exchange of ambassadors and embassies

Question 32

What did Deng Xiaoping achieve on his 1979 visit to the USA?

Answer 32

Cautioned US against Soviet Union; signed trade contracts; reached agreements on cultural and technological exchanges

Question 33

Why was there tension between China and the USA in 1996-97?

Answer 33

US Congress allowed Taiwanese President Li to speak at Cornell University; PLA fired missiles near Taiwan; PLA mobilised troops on strait near Taiwan; USA sent ships to Taiwan strait to intimidate the Chinese into backing down

Question 34

Why did Jiang Zemin (Deng’s successor) travel to USA in 1997?

Answer 34

To resolve events of Taiwan; President Clinton implored him to introduce democracy; Jiang would not back down

Question 35

Over what issues where the CCP lenient over by 1997 that Mao had opposed?

Answer 35

Foreign trade; nuclear non-proliferation; free market economics; use of technology

Question 36

Over what issues did the CCP refuse to change by 1997?

Answer 36

Anything that infringed the sovereignty of the party - pro-democracy movements and human rights protests

Question 37

Value of Sino-USA bilateral trade in 1978 and 1985?

Answer 37

1978: $1 billion a year
1985: $7 billion a year

Question 38

Value of US grain exports to China in 1988?

Answer 38

$699 million

Question 39

What agreement transferred Hong Kong back to China?

Answer 39

Sino–British Joint Declaration (1984)

Came into effect on 1st July 1997

Question 40

What did Britain introduce to Hong Kong in 1989?

Answer 40

A democratically elected Legislative Council

Question 41

How did China put an end to Hong Kong’s democratic reforms in 1995 and 1997?

Answer 41

1995: $1.6 billion in market orders to Britain
1997: Reversed Patten’s reforms on day of transfer