Reconciliation with old enemies and the return of Hong Kong (1978–97) Flashcards
What significant event in Sino-US relations took place in 1972?
President Nixon’s visit to China, which included the signing of the Shanghai communiqué
What was the Shanghai communiqué?
Diplomatic document outlining the hope of a renewed friendship between China and the USA
What did the PRC secure membership of in 1971?
The UN and permanent membership of the UN Security Council; PRC replaced ROC (Taiwan) as the ‘official’ China
China’s abstention rate in 1970s and 1980s?
1970s: On 32.3% of votes
1980s: On 6.2% of votes
When did China stand up to the USA on the UN Security Council?
1981: Blocked the reappointment of US-sponsored Kurt Waldheim as UN Secretary-General, in favour of a Tanzanian
Early example of China taking the lead in international diplomacy at the UN?
Supported UN Resolution 462, which called an emergency meeting to discuss the USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1980
What action hurt China’s new relationship with the West?
The squashing of pro-democracy protests at Tiananmen Square in June 1989
How many troops were mobilised in Beijing to stop the Tiananmen Square protest?
300,000
How many civilian casualties were there at Tiananmen Square?
2,500 (estimate)
What did China receive just days after supporting contentious military action in the Gulf War in 1990?
World Bank loan of $114.3 million (USD) to support rural industries in China
Where did China support UN peacekeeping missions in the 1990s?
Rwanda, Somalia and Haiti
What is the IMF?
International Monetary Fund
Gives non-descript loans to nations in times of economic crisis or recession
What is the World Bank?
Gives loans to nations for specific projects, usually infrastructural
What advice from the IMF did China act on in 1986?
To increase interest rates and devalue the currency
1980: Five development loans from World Bank to China?
$200 million - Education: Science and engineering at Universities
$125 million - Increase capacity of freight harbours
$60 million - drainage and irrigation in Shandong
$75 million - Agricultural research
$70 million - Allow Chinese Investment Bank to loan foreign exchanges to industry
Number of loans to China between 1980 and 1992 from World Bank?
192 loans worth a total of $30 billion
What was one of the most successful World Bank funded projects in China?
The Lubuge Hydroelectric Project (1984)
When did the World Bank visit China?
1989
When did China sign a trade agreement with the EEC?
1978; extended by another deal in 1985
How did the EEC react to the Tiananmen Square incident of 1989?
Arms Embargo until 1997
Total worth of bilateral trade between China and the EEC in 1995?
$45.6 billion (USD)
Which nations were part of the Zone of Peace,
Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFRAN) in Asia?
China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam and Indonesia
All became important trading partners
How much did China invest in Africa between 1979 and 1990?
$51 million
What did China and Japan sign in 1978?
Treaty of Peace and Friendship Between the
People’s Republic of China and Japan
How did China benefit from new relationship with Japanese?
China received high-end technology,
industrial plants and construction machinery
Low interest loans
How did Japan benefit from new relationship with Chinese?
Crude oil, coal, access to Chinese markets for consumer goods
How did Japan invest in China in 1978-80?
Four major assistance packages amounting to $13 billion
Example of Japanese investment in China?
Baoshan steel complex in Shanghai
When was the first Japanese state visit to China?
1988
Who visited China in 1978?
US National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski
How did China and the USA commence full diplomatic relations in 1979?
Exchange of ambassadors and embassies
What did Deng Xiaoping achieve on his 1979 visit to the USA?
Cautioned US against Soviet Union; signed trade contracts; reached agreements on cultural and technological exchanges
Why was there tension between China and the USA in 1996-97?
US Congress allowed Taiwanese President Li to speak at Cornell University; PLA fired missiles near Taiwan; PLA mobilised troops on strait near Taiwan; USA sent ships to Taiwan strait to intimidate the Chinese into backing down
Why did Jiang Zemin (Deng’s successor) travel to USA in 1997?
To resolve events of Taiwan; President Clinton implored him to introduce democracy; Jiang would not back down
Over what issues where the CCP lenient over by 1997 that Mao had opposed?
Foreign trade; nuclear non-proliferation; free market economics; use of technology
Over what issues did the CCP refuse to change by 1997?
Anything that infringed the sovereignty of the party - pro-democracy movements and human rights protests
Value of Sino-USA bilateral trade in 1978 and 1985?
1978: $1 billion a year
1985: $7 billion a year
Value of US grain exports to China in 1988?
$699 million
What agreement transferred Hong Kong back to China?
Sino–British Joint Declaration (1984)
Came into effect on 1st July 1997
What did Britain introduce to Hong Kong in 1989?
A democratically elected Legislative Council
How did China put an end to Hong Kong’s democratic reforms in 1995 and 1997?
1995: $1.6 billion in market orders to Britain
1997: Reversed Patten’s reforms on day of transfer
