Defeat and Humiliation (1894-1901)

Question 1

Long-term causes of Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

Answer 1

1876 - Japan opens up Korea for trade; Japan stations troops in Korea; 1884 - China withdraw half of their troops from Korea to fight French; Japan capitalise and form a temporary government in Korea

Question 2

Short-term causes of Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

Answer 2

1894 - Secret societies stir pro-Japanese feeling in Korea; China sent troops to Asan; Japan retaliated by sending troops to Chinese border

Question 3

Why was Japan more developed than China in 1894?

Answer 3

Geography - much smaller country so easier for government to control; Receptivity - lacked cultural superiority that China felt over Westerners; Leadership of Samurai

Question 4

Events of Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

Answer 4

Japanese cross Yalu River; seize harbour of Lushan; secure heavily-fortified Weihaiwei; Prince Gong and Li Hongzhang sue for peace

Question 5

Casualties of Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

Answer 5

China - 35,000 dead or wounded

Japan - 1,300 dead/ 3,800 wounded

Question 6

Military strength of China and Japan in Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

Answer 6

China - 630,000

Japan - 240,000

Question 7

Which treaty was negotiated after the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

Answer 7

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)

Question 8

Terms of Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)?

Answer 8

Independence of Korea; Taiwan, Pescadores and parts of Manchuria ceded to Japan; 200 million taels in reparations; 4 new treaty ports opened to Japan; most-favoured nation clause

Question 9

What was the triple intervention (1896)?

Answer 9

France, Germany and Russia were concerned by the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki; Russia didn’t want Japan to encroach on their sphere of influence

Question 10

How successful was the Triple Intervention (1896)?

Answer 10

Japan were convinced to cede their claim on Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur for an extra 30 million taels from China

Question 11

What did Russia do almost immediately after the Triple Intervention (1896)?

Answer 11

Occupied Liaodong Peninsula and seized Port Arthur

Question 12

What concessions did Britain receive in 1898, through pressuring China after the Triple Intervention?

Answer 12

Lease of Weihaiwei, and 99 year lease of Hong Kong and The New Territories

Question 13

What were the Hundred Days of Reform (1898)?

Answer 13

Young Guangxu Emperor introduced liberal reforms like changed to education, introducing a constitution and rapid industrialisation

Question 14

What was the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1900)?

Answer 14

Violent anti-foreign and anti Christian uprising by ‘peasant warriors’

Question 15

Short term causes for the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1900)

Answer 15

1898 German troops massacre peasants; poor harvest of 1899 blamed on Christians

Question 16

Why was Cixi suspicious about Guangxu’s reforms?

Answer 16

Believed that foreigners were controlling his policies

Question 17

Long term causes of Boxer Rebellion (1898-1900)?

Answer 17

Unequal treaty demands of westerners 1842-1895; Triple Intervention; Growing Western expansionism in China

Question 18

Why did Cixi support the Boxers?

Answer 18

Fearful of revolution; belief in Chinese military superiority

Question 19

Which eight nations joined an alliance to defeat the Boxers?

Answer 19

Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, USA, Austria-Hungary and Italy

Question 20

How many Christian casualties were caused by Boxers?

Answer 20

32,000

Question 21

How many civilians in total were killed by Boxers?

Answer 21

100,000

Question 22

What was signed after the Boxer Rebellion was squashed?

Answer 22

The Boxer Protocol (1901)

Question 23

Main clauses of the Boxer Protocol (1901)?

Answer 23

450 million taels in reparations (Russia received the highest percentage); destruction of Taku Forts; prohibit importation of arms for 2 years