Defeat and Humiliation (1894-1901) Flashcards

1
Q

Long-term causes of Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

A

1876 - Japan opens up Korea for trade; Japan stations troops in Korea; 1884 - China withdraw half of their troops from Korea to fight French; Japan capitalise and form a temporary government in Korea

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2
Q

Short-term causes of Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

A

1894 - Secret societies stir pro-Japanese feeling in Korea; China sent troops to Asan; Japan retaliated by sending troops to Chinese border

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3
Q

Why was Japan more developed than China in 1894?

A

Geography - much smaller country so easier for government to control; Receptivity - lacked cultural superiority that China felt over Westerners; Leadership of Samurai

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4
Q

Events of Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

A

Japanese cross Yalu River; seize harbour of Lushan; secure heavily-fortified Weihaiwei; Prince Gong and Li Hongzhang sue for peace

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5
Q

Casualties of Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

A

China - 35,000 dead or wounded

Japan - 1,300 dead/ 3,800 wounded

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6
Q

Military strength of China and Japan in Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

A

China - 630,000

Japan - 240,000

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7
Q

Which treaty was negotiated after the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)?

A

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)

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8
Q

Terms of Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)?

A

Independence of Korea; Taiwan, Pescadores and parts of Manchuria ceded to Japan; 200 million taels in reparations; 4 new treaty ports opened to Japan; most-favoured nation clause

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9
Q

What was the triple intervention (1896)?

A

France, Germany and Russia were concerned by the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki; Russia didn’t want Japan to encroach on their sphere of influence

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10
Q

How successful was the Triple Intervention (1896)?

A

Japan were convinced to cede their claim on Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur for an extra 30 million taels from China

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11
Q

What did Russia do almost immediately after the Triple Intervention (1896)?

A

Occupied Liaodong Peninsula and seized Port Arthur

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12
Q

What concessions did Britain receive in 1898, through pressuring China after the Triple Intervention?

A

Lease of Weihaiwei, and 99 year lease of Hong Kong and The New Territories

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13
Q

What were the Hundred Days of Reform (1898)?

A

Young Guangxu Emperor introduced liberal reforms like changed to education, introducing a constitution and rapid industrialisation

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14
Q

What was the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1900)?

A

Violent anti-foreign and anti Christian uprising by ‘peasant warriors’

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15
Q

Short term causes for the Boxer Rebellion (1898-1900)

A

1898 German troops massacre peasants; poor harvest of 1899 blamed on Christians

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16
Q

Why was Cixi suspicious about Guangxu’s reforms?

A

Believed that foreigners were controlling his policies

17
Q

Long term causes of Boxer Rebellion (1898-1900)?

A

Unequal treaty demands of westerners 1842-1895; Triple Intervention; Growing Western expansionism in China

18
Q

Why did Cixi support the Boxers?

A

Fearful of revolution; belief in Chinese military superiority

19
Q

Which eight nations joined an alliance to defeat the Boxers?

A

Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, USA, Austria-Hungary and Italy

20
Q

How many Christian casualties were caused by Boxers?

A

32,000

21
Q

How many civilians in total were killed by Boxers?

A

100,000

22
Q

What was signed after the Boxer Rebellion was squashed?

A

The Boxer Protocol (1901)

23
Q

Main clauses of the Boxer Protocol (1901)?

A

450 million taels in reparations (Russia received the highest percentage); destruction of Taku Forts; prohibit importation of arms for 2 years