Industrialisation and the making of an economic titan (1860-1997) Flashcards
Water transport - what was founded in 1872?
China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Company
How many European steamship companies used the Yangtze river by 1881?
7
What allowed Europeans to roam the Yangtze freely?
Extraterritoriality provision of Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
How many trade ships had the Qing government invested in by 1877?
33
How did Japan hinder China’s progress in water transport?
Bombed USS Panay and HMS Bee in 1937
First foreign intervention in Chinese railways?
1876 - Britain builds railway at Baoshan
When was the Manchurian railway opened and what did it achieve?
1903 - improved communication between Manchuria and Russia
How many miles of railway did the PRC build between 1949 and 1964?
700 miles a year (10,500 miles in total)
How many peasants were employed to build railways in 1957?
10,000
1936 - miles of railway compared to miles of road
Railways: 10,000 miles
Road: 71,457 miles
Chiang valued roads over railways
What did Britain and the USA use the Burma Road for 1937-1942?
Supply GMD with 20,000 tonnes of resources to fight Japan
When and how was China’s communications linked to Europe?
1871 - Using electric telegraph via Singapore and India
How many telegraph stations in China by 1887?
76
Who did China acquire fighter jet technology from?
USSR in the 1950s
What government action helped the aviation industry grow after 1985?
Civil Aviation Administration made independent from government control
How much did passenger air travel increase by between 1979 and 1989?
436%
Number of textile workers in Shanghai in 1921 and 1930?
1921: 20,000
1931: 131,000
How much money did Japan invest in Manchuria between 1931 and 1945?
$1.5bn in roads, rail, factories, mines, harbours etc
How much did the value of Manchuoko increase by during the Japanese occupation?
From 160 million yen to 1 billion yen
How many major industrial developments occurred in the first five year plan (1953-57)?
694
Steel production per year 1953 and 1957?
1953: 1.3 million
1957: 5.2 million
Government spending on economic development 1950 and 1957?
1950: 25.5%
1957: 51.4%
How did foreigners help the first five year plan?
2 billion roubles loan from USSR
How many hydroelectric power stations were built in 1949?
33
What proportion of the population were involved in digging dams for hydroelectric power in 1958?
17%
Customs revenue in 1865 and 1885 (self strengthening movement)?
1865: 8.5 million taels
1885: 14.5 million teals
What was created in 1919 as part of the New Culture Movement?
Shanghai Commercial Association - boycotted Japanese good to boost domestic production
How did Chinese merchants ensure they got fair prices for goods (1915-24)?
Kept places on trade committees in treaty ports
How did the USSR aid China’s development of Soviet Marxism?
Sent economic advisers to China in 1950
Percentage of industry that was heavy industry in 1949 and 1952?
1949: 26%
1952: 42%
How was grain output increased during the Maoist period of Marxism?
Agrarian Land Reform in 1950
Enforced sharing of farming equipment
Annual growth in economy 1981-1993?
9.6%
How many employees were there at the Special Economic Zone of Shenzen in 1992?
3 million
What did Li Honghzhang introduce to China?
Electric telegraph and postal service
Where did Li Honghzhang make the centre of Chinese industry?
Zhilli - coal mines, railways, steam ship company
What did Sheng Xuanhuai do in 1897?
Established the Central Bank of China
What was the value of loans issued by the Central Bank of China by 1899?
$8 million
What did T.V. Soong found in 1931?
National Economic Council - gave loans for specific projects in China
How much did government revenue increase by in two years in the 1920s? How did Soong do it?
100% - Soong had implemented his simplified tax code
How much did bank savings increase by between 1920 and 1926 under Soong’s policies?
600%
How many machine tools were there in China in 1957 due to Mao’s policies?
28,000
What electrical output did Mao’s China achieve in 1957?
19.34 bn Kilowatts
How much did GNI per capita fall by in 1969 due to Mao’s Culutral Revolution?
3%
What percentage of the Chinese economy was in industry in 1977 and 1997?
1977: 38%
1997: 50%
How did Deng develop China’s economy?
Incorporation of capitalism in Special Economic Zones
How many Chinese peasants had moved to cities by 1997?
100 million
