Opening Up China to Foreigners (1860-1870)

Question 1

Military terms of Treaty of Tianjin (1860)?

Answer 1

Britain, France, USA and Russia were able to station legations in Beijing; foreign warships given right to navigate on Yangtze River

Question 2

Causes of Treaty of Tianjin (1860)?

Answer 2

British dissatisfied with 1842 Treaty of Nanjin; British French dominance over China in the Second Anglo-Chinese War (1856-60)

Question 3

Economic terms of Treaty of Tianjin (1860)?

Answer 3

11 more Chinese ports would be opened for foreign trade; 6 million taels in reparations: 4 to British, 2 to France

Question 4

Social terms of Treaty of Tianjin (1860)?

Answer 4

Freedom of travel in China for foreigners for trade, travel or missionary reasons; religious liberty to all Christians in China

Question 5

Chinese Problems: foreign influence?

Answer 5

Russia wanted to redraw China’s Northern border; English and French language schools opened; growing awareness of Western democratic principles

Question 6

Chinese Problems: government weaknesses?

Answer 6

Hsien Feng was a weak leader; Cixi had too much influence; extraterritoriality meant they couldn’t control foreign citizens

Question 7

Chinese Problems: military weaknesses?

Answer 7

Hand-to-hand techniques; lack of gunpowder; ‘monkey bombs’

Question 8

Features of self-strengthening movement?

Answer 8

Opening Naval Schools; Superintendents of Trade; construction of military arsenals and shipbuilding dockyards

Question 9

Why was the first phase of the self-strengthening movement (1861-72) largely unsuccessful?

Answer 9

They suffered from the usual bureaucratic inefficiency and nepotism; leaders of the operation profited the longer the projects went on

Question 10

Causes of Tianjin Massacre (1870)?

Answer 10

Deaths of Chinese orphans at orphanages set up by Western Catholics; increasing number of missions and missionaries in Tianjin; 3 Chinese kidnappers arrested for selling children to orphanages

Question 11

Events of Tianjin Massacre (1870)?

Answer 11

French consul killed Chinese assistant during negotiations; anti-catholic rioters killed French consul; full scale riots in Tianjin

Question 12

Tianjin Massacre (1870) - Key Facts?

Answer 12

40 Chinese Christians killed; 10 nuns raped and killed; Tientsin cathedral burned down; death toll approximately 60 people

Question 13

Impact of Tianjin Massacre (1870)?

Answer 13

Stopped negotiations about Catholic Institutions being subject to the same rules as Buddhist and Taoist Institutions; Europeans mistrusted Chinese; anti-foreign feeling for Chinese - Boxer Rebellion