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Immunology > Recognition and Response > Flashcards

Recognition and Response Flashcards

1
Q

Signal

A

Any event that changes the state of a cell (usually through altered gene expression of cell)

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2
Q

How signals are generated

A

Binding of ligand to complementary membrane receptor

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3
Q

How cells regulate signals

A

Change level/expression of ligands
Change level/expression of receptors
Alter intracellular machinery that transmits signal from cell surface to nucleus
Change activity or location of transcription factors

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4
Q

Molecular changes to receptor caused by ligand binding

A

Alteration in receptor conformation
Receptor dimerization or clustering
Change in receptor location within cell membrane

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5
Q

Are ligand-receptor interactions covalent?

A

No- strong (high affinity), but need to be able to engage and disengage

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6
Q

Affinity

A

Measure of strength of interaction

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7
Q

Avidity

A

Overall strength of collective interactions

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8
Q

How many identical binding sites to antibodies have?

A

2

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9
Q

Most common intracellular protein modification in signalling

A

Phosphorylation

Usually occurs on tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues

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10
Q

Kinase

A

Enzyme that transfers a phosphate group (usually from ATP)

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11
Q

Phosphatase

A

Removes phosphate group

Reverses actions of kinase

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12
Q

Only isotype that is a true B cell receptor

A

IgM: only isotype that can send signals

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13
Q

B cell receptor parts

A

2 heavy chains, 2 light chains

Variable region at top, constant region at bottom

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14
Q

Molecules that are considered to be B cell receptors

A

Antibodies

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15
Q

Co-receptors required by B cell receptors to transmit signal

A

Ig alpha and Ig beta

Contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) that become phosphorylated to start signal transduction

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16
Q

How B cell receptor activation works

A

Antigen-mediated clustering -> phosphorylation of Ig alpha and Ig beta -> activation of transcription factors

17
Q

How T cell receptor activation works

A

Engagement of MHC + antigen -> conformational change -> phosphorylation of adapter proteins (collectively called CD3)

18
Q

CD3

A

T cell receptor co-receptor (signal transmission)

Contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)

19
Q

CD 4 or CD 8

A

CD 4 : T-helper cells
CD 8 : T-cytotoxic cells
Co-receptors
Participate in interaction with antigen-presenting cell via interaction with MHC molecule

20
Q

Receptor sharing of cytokines

A

Ability for increased signaling

21
Q

Endocrine action

A

Cytokines acting on distant cell, usually of another type

22
Q

Paracrine action

A

Cytokines acting on a neighboring cell of same or different type

23
Q

Autocrine action

A

Cytokines act on cell that secretes them

24
Q

What cytokines are used for

A

Cell communication

25
Q

Pleiotropy of cytokines

A

One cytokine can act on many different cells

26
Q

Redundancy of cytokines

A

Several cytokine types can have the same activity

27
Q

Interleukin 1 family

A

Cytokines: inflammatory response

Produced by activated macrophages and epithelial cells

28
Q

Class 1 cytokine family (hematopoietins)

A

Cytokines: immunocyte differentiation

29
Q

Interferons (class II cytokines)

A

Cytokines: anti-viral responses

30
Q

Tumor necrosis factor family

A

Cytokines: immune system development, effector functions
TNF alpha: cell killing, fever, cytokine cascades, vascular endothelial cell adhesion for neutrophils
TNF alpha is produced by macrophages and NK cells

31
Q

Interleukin 17 family

A

Cytokines: neutrophil accumulation

32
Q

Chemokines

A

Cytokines: chemoattractants (migration of immune cells into inflammed regions, does so through chemical gradient)

33
Q

Colony-stimulating factors

A

Promote terminal differentiation of progenitor cells

34
Q

Stromal cells

A

Present in bone marrow

Support lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis

35
Q

Interferon gamma

A

Most potent activator of macrophage immune function

36
Q

Interleukin 2

A

Primary growth factor for T cell proliferation

37
Q

Cachectin

A

Another name for TNF alpha

Too much activity leads to malnutrition

38
Q

Elevated levels of TNF can lead to what?

A

Septic shock

39
Q

Major source of anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

T helper 2 cells

Immunology (23 decks)

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