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Immunology > Immunity to Viruses > Flashcards

Immunity to Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

Direct person-to-person spread

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2
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Transfer of infection from parents to offspring

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3
Q

Viruses are dependent upon what to replicate?

A

Host cell

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4
Q

Tropism

A

Ability of virus to replicate in particular cells or tissues

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5
Q

Typical viral life cycle

A
  1. Enter through cell surface receptor
  2. Use cell biosynthetic machinery to replicate
  3. Error prone replication generates mutations
  4. Particles are assembled together to form new virus
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6
Q

Difference between cytolytic and non-cytolytic viruses

A

Cytolytic viruses cause destruction of host cell: host cell membrane is ruptured to release viral particles
Non-cytolytic viruses leave host cell alive: use host cell membrane as coat for viral particles

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7
Q

Innate immune mediators of viral response

A

Complement: prevent spread of virus
Toll-like receptors
Interferons

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8
Q

Toll-like receptors: role in viral response

A

Recognize virus, triggering activation of immune response

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9
Q

Type 1 interferons

A

Interferon alpha and beta
Anti-viral
Produced by innate immune cells and local cells

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10
Q

Type 2 interferons

A

Interferon gamma
Produced by T cells to amplify immune response
Involved in viral immune response

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11
Q

Benefit of interferon response

A

Interferon responses are fast

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12
Q

Complement activation in viral response

A

Classical pathway: antibody recognizes viral antigens and binds to them

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13
Q

Antibody role in viral response

A

Neutralize extracellular virus
Opsonization of virus for phagocytosis
Complement activation
Prevent spread of virus

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14
Q

Antibody classes involved in viral response

A

IgM: indicator of recent or current infection
IgG: more effective than IgM
IgA: protection of mucosal surfaces

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15
Q

CD4 T cell role in viral response

A

Synthesize cytokines that trigger immune response

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16
Q

CD8 T cell and NK cell role in viral reponse

A

Induction of infected cell death through apoptosis or perforin/granzyme pathway

17
Q

Host evasion: interferon

A

Block synthesis of interferons

18
Q

Host evasion: antigen presentation

A

Block antigen delivery to MHC I
Reduce surface expression of MHC I
Reduce MHC II level on APC

19
Q

Host evasion: C3b

A

Bind C3b, inhibiting complement activation

20
Q

Host evasion: changing surface antigen

A

Inability to produce effective immune response

21
Q

Host evasion: immunosuppression

A

Direct infection of immune cells, cause cytokine imbalance

22
Q

How INF alpha and beta work

A

Induce resistance to viral replication
Increase MHC class I expression and antigen presentation
Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

Immunology (23 decks)

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