reccomended reading studies

Question 1

. Understanding variety: Tasting different foods
delays satiation

Answer 1

Hetherington et al., 2016-
Variety Increases Intake: The study shows that when participants were exposed to different types of foods (variety in taste), they consumed more compared to when eating the same food continuously. This was evident in both congruent conditions (same characteristics, different food) and incongruent conditions (different taste profiles).

Sustained Pleasantness: When participants ate a variety of foods, their ratings of pleasantness stayed high for longer. In contrast, eating the same food caused pleasantness to decline faster, which helps trigger satiation.

Experiment 2 (Focus vs. Distraction): Participants ate more when distracted during eating (e.g., rating the taste of other foods) than when focused solely on their current food. This shows that distractions further delay satiation.

Practical Implications: Encouraging mindful eating—focusing on the food being eaten without distraction—can reduce overeating by promoting the natural decline in pleasantness over time

Question 2

expected satiety

Answer 2

brunstorm 2014- This review highlights that meal size is determined more by pre-meal decisions about portion size rather than physiological fullness during or after a meal. People are skilled at estimating the “expected satiety” and “expected satiation” of foods based on past experiences, which strongly correlate with calorie intake. Memory of portion size also plays a key role in regulating appetite. The findings suggest that planning and episodic memory are central to controlling food intake, rather than immediate cues like gastric stretch.