Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mental Health Year 4 Week 1 > Recap of Core Conditions > Flashcards

Recap of Core Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the diagnostic hierarchy

A

Graham Foulds 1976

Says that there is a hierarchy among the diagnosis, rule everything out before a set diagnosis is made. ICD is diagnostic criteria (is WHO approved). DSM is also a diagnostic criteria (is more insurance based and is American).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are organic disorders and give examples of them?

A
  • Mental disorders arising from dysfunction of the brain caused by organic pathology inside (meningitis, tumours, dementia) or outside the brain (drugs and alcohol)
  • Acute
    • Delirium
  • Chronic
  • Generalized
    • Dementia
  • Specific
    • Amnesic syndrome
    • Organic Mood Disorder
    • Organic Anxiety State
    • Organic Delusional State
    • Organic Personality Disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are psychoactive substances?

A
  • Any substance that has an effect on the CNS.
  • Drugs of abuse (recreational drugs)
  • Prescribed medication
  • Over-the-counter / online medication
  • Poisons / poisoning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of substance-induced disorders and explain them?

A
  • Substance abuse (misuse) or harmful use – using it in a way that is harmful
  • Substance dependence (dependence syndrome) - cannot function without it and then get withdrawal symptoms
    • Tolerance - how much someone can take to get a desired affect
    • withdrawal
  • Substance intoxication – someone who has this substance in their blood stream
  • Substance withdrawal – gets side effects e.g. delirium tremens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is psychosis?

A

Refers to someone who has lost touch with reality

  • A broad term for the more severe forms of mental disorder
  • A disturbed and distorted view of reality
  • Abnormalities of thought content and perception
  • Deterioration of personal functioning
  • Insight impaired or absent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a delusion?

A
  • A delusion is:

‘an unshakeable belief or idea, held with subjective certainty on inadequate grounds, which is out of keeping with that person’s social, religious, educational or cultural background’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the classification of delusions?

A

FORM

  • FORM – are the thoughts linked and make sense

Secondary - occurs as a consequence of existing psychopathology

Primary – occurs suddenly and unexpectedly, with no precipitating psychopathology

CONTENT

  • CONTENT – what is included in the text
    • Persecution
    • Reference
    • Grandiose – e.g. I am Jesus (grossly increased sense of importance)
    • Religious
    • Love – believe someone is madly in love with you
    • Jealousy
    • Misidentification – they think that someone has been replaced e.g. someone who isn’t Eminem is Eminem
    • Nihilistic – strongly believe your decomposing or dead
    • Guilt – delusion that they have done something horrible
    • Control (of thought)
    • Passivity phenomena – believe they have no control as someone has complete control over you (thoughts, feels and actions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some primary delusions and explain them

A
  • Delusional perception

a false meaning is attributed to a normal perception

  • Delusional memory

a false meaning is attributed to a memory of an event that occurred before the patient’s illness

  • Delusional mood

the patient has a sense that the outside world has altered, often in a sinister, threatening way, with a feeling of anxiety or foreboding for the future.

The affective component of this state is known as PERPLEXITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a hallucination?

A

‘an involuntary false perception occurring in the absence of an external stimulus, but which exhibits the quality of a true percept’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an auditory hallucination and the types?

A
  • Elementary
    • Simple noises
  • Complex
    • First person – hears their own thoughts spoken aloud, or a voice anticipating or echoing their own thoughts
    • Second person – hears a voice or voices talking directly to them
    • Third person – hears two or more voices talking to each other, often making reference to the patient. May give a ‘running commentary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a visual hallucination and autoscopic hallucination?

A
  • Usually associated with organic disorders
  • Visual hallucination -involve seeing things that aren’t there
  • Autoscopic hallucination - the experience of seeing one’s own body projected into external space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some hallucinations of bodily sensations? & explain them

A
  • Tactile (haptic) hallucination
    • sensations on or just below the skin
  • Visceral hallucination
    • sensations of being pulled or stretched inside the body, often involving specific organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are other forms of hallucination?

A
  • Olfactory hallucination
    • false perception of smell
  • Gustatory hallucination
    • false perception of taste
  • Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations
    • occur just as a person goes to sleep and awakens respectively
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain types of disorganised thinking

A
  • Circumstantial (go round and round closer) and tangential thinking (are close then go off tangent)
  • Loosening of association (derailment/knight’s move thinking) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edVcPSdP7Ow
  • Neologisms – come up with new words
  • Flight of ideas (pun/clang) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zA-fqvC02oM
  • Thought blocking – unable to think
  • Perseveration – you repeat your own words
  • Echolalia – your repeating someone else’s words
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some negative symptoms?

A
  • Marked apathy
  • Poverty of thought
  • Poverty of speech
  • Blunting of affect
  • Social isolation
  • Poor self care
    • Cognitive deficits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some motor symptoms?

A
  • Catatonia
    • Posturing (have an abnormal posture against gravity - this spends a lot of energy)
    • Waxy flexibility (Stiff and then when move stay in that position)
    • Stupor (lack of critical mental function and a level of consciousness)
    • Excitement
    • Echopraxia (mirror movement)
    • Mannerisms (a habitual gesture or way of speaking or behaving)
    • Stereotypies
  • Tics - involuntary acts which can be disturbing to patients/other
17
Q

What are some psychotic disorder?

A
  • Schizophrenia
  • Delusional disorder
  • Acute and transient psychotic disorder
  • Schizoaffective disorder (schizophrenia with some mood disorder)
  • Severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms
  • Mania with psychotic symptoms
  • Dementia and delirium
  • Organic psychosis
  • Secondary to psychoactive substances
18
Q

Explain diagnosis criteria of schizophrenia

A

Two of the following seven (one from at least first four):

  1. Persistent delusions (e.g., grandiose delusions, delusions of reference, persecutory delusions)
  2. Persistent hallucinations (most commonly auditory, could be others)
  3. Disorganized thinking (e.g., tangentiality and loose associations, irrelevant speech, neologisms)
  4. Experiences of influence, passivity or control (i.e., the experience that one’s feelings, impulses, actions or thoughts are not generated by oneself, are being placed in one’s mind or withdrawn from one’s mind by others, or that one’s thoughts are being broadcast to others)
  5. Negative symptoms such as affective flattening, alogia or paucity of speech, avolition, and anhedonia
  6. Grossly disorganized behaviour that impedes goal-directed activity (e.g., behaviour that appears bizarre or purposeless, unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses that interferes with the ability to organize behaviour)
  7. Psychomotor disturbances such as catatonic restlessness or agitation, posturing, waxy flexibility, negativism, mutism, or stupor
19
Q

What are mood (affective) disorders?

A
  • Disorders in which the fundamental disturbance is a change in affect or mood to depression or to elation.
  • The mood change is usually accompanied by a change in the overall level of activity.
  • Mood - total emotion (climate)
  • Affective - how they respond e.g. joke (weather)
20
Q

Classification of mood (affective) disorders?

A
  • Depressive episode
  • Recurrent depressive disorder
  • Manic episode
  • Bipolar affective disorder
  • Persistent mood [affective] disorders
  • Other mood [affective] disorders
21
Q

Types of depressive episodes?

A
  • Mild depressive episode (+/-) somatic syndrome
  • Moderate depressive episode (+/-) somatic syndrome
  • Severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms
  • Severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms
22
Q

Diagnosis criteria of depressive episodes

A
  • 2 weeks of at least 1 of:
  • low mood
  • Anhedonia (loss of interest in previously interesting things)
  • Some of:
  • loss of confidence
  • feelings of guilt
  • thoughts of suicide
  • poor concentration
  • changed sleep
  • changed appetite
  • reduced energy or fatigue
  • agitation or retardation

Categorisation

  • Mild
    • less number of symptoms & less impact
  • Moderate
    • several symptoms to a marked degree, or large number of symptoms but less severe
  • Severe
    • Large number of symptoms and/or severe intensity / impact on functioning
23
Q

What is and types of recurring depressive disorders?

A
  • At least two previous episodes of depression, lasting a minimum of 2 weeks and separated from the current episode by several months without any significant mood symptoms.
  • At no time in the past has there been an episode meeting the criteria for hypo/manic episode.

Types

  • RDD, current episode mild (+/-) somatic syndrome
  • RDD, current episode moderate (+/-) somatic syndrome
  • RDD, current episode severe without psychotic symptoms
  • RDD, current episode severe with psychotic symptoms
  • RDD, currently in remission
24
Q

Types of mania? (manic episodes)

A
  • Hypomania
  • Mania without psychotic symptoms
  • Mania with psychotic symptoms
25
Q

Features of hypomania and mania (table)

A
26
Q

What is bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive illness)?

A
  • 2 or more episodes in which the patient’s mood and activity levels are significantly disturbed; either
    • elevated / irritable mood and increased energy & activity (hypo/mania); or
    • low mood and decreased energy and activity (depression)
27
Q

Diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder?

A

§§There must be either:

  • at least 1 hypomanic or manic episode and at least 1 depressive episode for bipolar type II disorder; or
  • 1 or more manic episodes for bipolar type I disorder

•

28
Q

Types of persistent mood (affective) disorders?

A
  • Cyclothymia – Milder than bipolar.
  • Dysthymia – low mood for at least 2 years, impact not severe enough to say not depression

Cyclothymia is determined by the alternating episodes of both happy and elevated moods and depressive symptoms. Also, dysthymia is only characterised by signs of mild depression

29
Q

What are some anxiety disorders?

A
  • Phobic (an irrational fear) Disorders
  • Agoraphobia (+/- panic disorder) – irrational fear of crowded places
  • Social phobia – overwhelming fear of social situation
  • Specific phobia
  • Non-situational Disorders
  • Generalized anxiety disorder
  • Panic disorder
  • Reaction to Stress
  • Acute stress reaction
  • PTSD
  • Adjustment disorder
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
  • Fear = current situation
  • Anxiety = scared about the FUTURE
30
Q

What is generalised anxiety disorder?

A
  • Long standing, free floating anxiety
  • Excessive worry about minor matters
  • Apprehension
  • Motor tension (restlessness, fidgeting, tension headaches, inability to relax)
  • Autonomic overactivity

Causes increased RR → decrease CO2 → increase pH → more calcium bound to proteins → less Ca2+ → muscles get tremors and stiff and tingling sensations

31
Q

What is a panic disorder? Features

A
  • Panic attacks
  • Occur unpredictably
  • Not restricted to any particular situation or objective danger
  • Anticipatory anxiety
  • Relatively free from anxiety symptoms between attacks
32
Q

What is PTSD and what is it characterised by?

A
  • Following exposure to an extremely threatening or horrific event or series of events. PTSD is characterised by:
    • Re-experiencing the traumatic event or events- vivid intrusive memories, flashbacks, or nightmares + strong or overwhelming emotions
    • Avoidance of thoughts and memories of the event(s), or avoidance of activities, situations, or people reminiscent of the event(s)
    • Persistent perceptions of heightened current threat- hypervigilance or an enhanced startle reaction to stimuli such as unexpected noises.
    • The symptoms persist for at least several weeks and cause significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational or other important areas of functioning
33
Q

What are obsessions and characteristics?

A
  • Involuntary thoughts, images or impulses
  • Recurrent and intrusive
  • Unpleasant or distressing
  • Enter the mind against conscious resistance
  • Recognised as being the product of patient’s own mind (know that they are your own but, cant stop them)
  • Ego-dystonic
  • RIPSOUR
    • Repetitive, intrusive, persistent, self, own, unpredictable, repetitive
34
Q

What are compulsions?

A
  • Repetitive mental operations or physical acts
  • Patients feel compelled to perform them in response to their own obsessions or irrationally defined ‘rules’
  • Performed to reduce anxiety through the belief that they will prevent a ‘dreaded event’ from occurring, even though they are not realistically connected to the event or are ridiculously excessive
  • Experienced as unpleasant
  • Serve no realistically useful purpose
  • Patients resist carrying them out (with anxiety symptoms)
35
Q

What is OCD?

A
  • Obsessions or compulsions must be present for at least 2 successive weeks and are a source of distress or interfere with the patient’s functioning
  • They are acknowledged as coming from the patient’s own mind
  • The obsessions are unpleasantly repetitive
  • At least one thought or act is resisted unsuccessfully
  • A compulsive act is not in itself pleasurable

Mental Health Year 4 Week 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions