Reasoning & Problem Solving

Question 1

5 Contrasts Between Early and Middle Childhood

Answer 1

1. Appearance vs Reality
2. Centration vs Decantation
3. States vs Transformations
4. Irreversibility vs Reversibility
5. Qualitative vs Quantitative

Question 2

Why do younger children fail and older children pass the appearance vs reality task? Example of an appearance vs reality task?

Answer 2

Younger children: Appearance of more liquid in one vessel
Older children: Appearance of more liquid & interference based on underlying reality. Older children can override appearance.

Conservation of liquid is an example

Question 3

In regards to centration vs decentration, what can both older and younger children do? What can only older children do?

Answer 3

Both can access the perceptual information of the transformations
Older children can mover beyond perceptual to conceptual. Can reason about more than physical properties

Question 4

What’s an example of a states and transformations task?

What is the difference between younger and older children?

Answer 4

Conservation of liquid- 2 states (initial & final)
Younger children focus on states
Older children can represent initial and final states and reflect on the transformation

Question 5

What can older children do that younger children cannot do, when referring to irreversibility and reversibility?

Answer 5

Older children can understand that many entities and actions have opposite states. Younger children have irreversible thought.

Question 6

What is the contrast of younger children and older children in quantitative and qualitative problem solving?

Answer 6

Younger children use global assessments of a qualitative nature-use guesstimates
Older children can quantify and conduct operations

Question 7

3 contrasts between middle childhood and adolescence

Answer 7

1. Real vs Possible
2. Empirico-Inductive vs Hypothetico-deductive
3. Intrapropositional vs Interpropositional

Question 8

Contrasts: real vs possible

Answer 8

Child (concrete operational): reality, dives right in, trial-and-error approach to finding solutions, methodical

Adolescent (formal operations): possibility, deeper examination at the outset, methodical

Question 9

Contrasts: empirics-inductive vs hypothetico-deductive

Answer 9

Child: empirico-inductive, concrete, non-speculative
Adolescent: hypothetico-deductive, creates hypothesis, revises approach if needed

Question 10

Contrasts: Intrapropositional vs Interpropositional

Answer 10

Children: consider one case, factual
Adolescent: considers relations among cases, logical

Question 11

Reasoning- Other Perspectives

Answer 11

1. Similarity-based reasoning
2. Analogical Reasoning
3. Causal Reasoning

Question 12

Metacognitive awareness

Answer 12

Think about theories instead of just with theories

Question 13

The _______ phase and the _______ phase are part of the process of inferential thinking

Answer 13

Investigative, inferential

Question 14

______ ______ = more scientific thinking

Answer 14

Better thinking

Question 15

• Goal directed cognitive ability
• Different approaches (general, specific)
• Engage in for fun & out of necessity

Answer 15

Problem Solving

Question 16

Domain- ______ knowledge:
what you know: knowledge structure
what you do: process or strategies

Answer 16

Specific

Question 17

Any thought process or piece of knowledge that relates to the regulation of cognitive processes
Cognition about cognition

Answer 17

Metacognition

Question 18

Examples of social supports

Answer 18

scaffolding, modelling and observation, requests for help