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Language Flashcards

1
Q

Preference for speech sounds
Ability to distinguish many speech sounds
Categorial speech perception
Narrow to native speech with maturation and experience

A

Phonological Development-Perception

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2
Q

4-6 months: babbling
Universal onset
Similar sounding across languages
Experience matters somewhat

A

Phonological Development-Production

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3
Q

Babies can:

Direct...
Engage...
Get...
Maintain or...
Navigate...
Persist...
Respond...

DEGMNPR

A

Get people’s attention
Direct others’ attention
Engage in joint activity

Can maintain or break interaction with eye gaze

Navigate turn-taking
Persist in requests
Respond to others’ actions

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4
Q

_______ > ______

A

Comprehension, production

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5
Q

Learn _____ level categories first

A

Basic

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6
Q

“cat” to refer to squirrel

Applied to perceptually similar objects

A

Overextension

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7
Q

“cat” to refer only to one’s own cat
Involve absence of a correct response
Harder to detect

A

Underextension

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8
Q

________ precedes _______

A

Comprehension, production

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9
Q

Two types of words:

A

Referential and expressive

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10
Q

_____ are faster to acquire words

A

Girls

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11
Q

Meaning relations expressed more clearly with _____ word utterances than with _____ word utterances

A

Two, one

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12
Q

Facilitates later verb understanding

Order and structure: agents&raquo_space; actions, actions» objects

A

Grammar

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13
Q

_______ modulate meaning

A

Morphemes

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14
Q

_______ does not matter; ______ _______ does

A

Frequency, grammatical complexity

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15
Q

What morpheme is acquired in different orders?

A

Morpheme ‘s’

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16
Q

Rule bound and can be extended

Not based on modelling, but on rule-learning

A

Inflection acquisition

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17
Q

breaked, goed, feets are all examples of _______

A

Overregularizations

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18
Q

Creating meaning with combinations of words

Two- word, then extends, then inflections

A

Propositional semantics

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19
Q

Lexical Semantics

A

Word meaning
Relational comparisons
Marked and Unmarked terms

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20
Q

______= Positive, label for entire dimension

A

Unmarked

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21
Q

_______ as a tool to express mental states (e.g. emotion)

A

Language

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22
Q

Can make inferences
Engage in joint communication and turn taking
Infer knowledge state of listener and tailor communication to them

A

Communicative development

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23
Q

Need to navigate a task with unclear referents

A

Referential ambiguity

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24
Q

Explaining Language Development- Semantics (4 Strategies)

A
  1. Fast Mapping
  2. Constraints
  3. Syntactic Bootstrapping
  4. Social-Cognitive Aspects
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25
Whole object assumption | Narrowing down the possibilities with biases or tendencies
Constraints
26
Words label items within categories | Focuses on extending to kinds
Taxonomic assumption
27
Mutual exclusivity bias: each object has ______ label(s)
One
28
Using ______ structure to infer word meaning
Syntactic
29
``` Joint attention (eye gaze) Pointing Affective Cues help ```
Social-Cognitive Aspects
30
Mothers or infant-directed-speech
is slowed down and highly intoned Provokes interest of baby Helps make phonological distinctions Can promote language gains
31
Piaget said early word learning is related to _________ experience
Sensorimotor
32
babies possess remarkable ....which allows them to crack the speech perception code. This combined with a interest in ....adds to their discriminating skills
categorical speech perception listening to speech
33
infants begin to babble around....and will continue up until about...
4 to 6 months | 1.5 years
34
Things that hint that hint at the maturational development of language
- sound similar across languages and cultures around same age - no evidence that we can change the sounds made during babbling - even deaf infants and/or infants with deaf parents will babble even if no one can respond to them
35
at what age does similarity of babbling disappear across cultures
10 months
36
what suggests the experience component of language development
tracheotomized kids make fewer less complex sounds, deaf kids start babbling later and say much less than normal
37
around the same time that infant speech begins to resemble language of environment, they also begin to be less...
sensitive to sounds that are not within their environment
38
Do children need to babble to learn language
- no tracheotomized kids demonstrate this is not required. | - infants do not babble all of the sounds their language will eventually require and yet they learn to do it
39
The Continuity Hypothesis states babbling is..why?
predatory for speech | because babbling does precede speech and first words are typically formed by initial babbled sounds.
40
comprehension not only precedes production it...
it is typically greater than production in that a child can often understand much more language than they can produce
41
example of a non verbal infant request
reaching towards something opening and closing hand and looking at you.
42
example of non verbal assertion
touching object, looking it over, pointing at it an looking at another person to see if they are noticing the thing too
43
How does Theory of Mind relate to a core element of communication
in order to begin the processes of sending and receiving messages one has to have a degree of understanding that other people are psychological beings that can understand what you are saying/doing
44
Children learn__________ level categories first. Why?
basic -because they reflect a level of abstraction most useful to kids AND because parents are more likely to use them - I wouldn't say "LOOK AT THE HERFORD CROSS IN THE PASTURE" - instead I would say "Look at that cow"
45
At what age do kids experience a VOCABULARY SPURT or NAMING EXPLOSION
18mos
46
BASIC LEVEL WORDS ARE | example:
an intermediate level of abstraction or generality. | Dog is learned before spaniel
47
Types of referential errors include:
overextension and underextension
48
overextension are normally to things that are perceptually similar = rate of overextension
-calling all small animals cats instead of differentiating dog, squirrels etc -33% of words were overextended in a study of one year olds and 75 words (This calls makes me want to overextend the words bull and shit to just about every single thing I do)
49
underextension= | what is notable about them?
- calling only the family cat a cat and not recognizing other cats as cat - they are much harder to detect because they an absence of a response therefor do not receive notice or correction.
50
- number of words produced by 16 dos | - number of words produced at 24hours
- 347 average | - 668 average
51
referential words are focused on ______________aspects of language and are ... who is most likely to fall into the referential category?
- informational.....words that allow the kids to talk about stuff like ball, cat and tampon....GIRLS
52
expressive words are focused on ______________ aspects of language and are...who are most likely to fall into the referential category?
-interpersonal......words that allow the kid to express themselves in social interactions like, no, want, stop, piss off....BOYS
53
_____are faster on average to acquire first words than ______ and tend to have larger ________
GIRLS are faster on average to acquire first words than BOYS and tend to have larger VOCABULARIES - true story - my daughter doesn't shut up
54
English speaking children typically start with
nouns first
55
describe telegraphic speech and when it begins...
at around 18 months old kids start to use two word utterances which omit the small and less essential words. ex: mom sock, dad car.
56
children tend to reproduce the elements of speech that receive the _________ _______ _______
strongest intonational stress
57
originality of children two word utterances like "more up" demonstrate
kids are not just mimicking what they hear- they get creative with it.
58
another word for semantics is
meaning
59
To master the grammatical art of one's native language is to
is to acquire a rich network of implicit, functional rules
60
examples of overregularizations
breaked glass | I like your foots
61
Children usually begin to express negation by simply attaching
no or not
62
_______ ________ are creating meaning with combinations of words and follow ___ ____ use with _________
PROPOSITIONAL SEMANTICS are creating meaning with combinations of words and followTWO WORD use with INFLECTION
63
mastery of inflection permits
encoding of a range of new meanings, such as plurality and present or past tense
64
lexical semantics is another name for
word meanings
65
what kind of words do not have specific meaning and instead are depend on another word
relational words: | big, tall
66
an example of an unmarked and marked word and which one is learned first
play -- played host --hostess unmarked are learned first as marked require knowledge of word and then addition of 'ing, ed' etc
67
When it comes to relational words kids usually learn the ______ before ______ & ___________ more easily than____________
When it comes to relational words kids usually learn the GENERAL before SPECIFIC & POSITIVE OR UNMARKED more easily than NEGATIVE OR MARKED
68
EXAMPLE OF SPATIAL PREPOSITION
IN, OUT,

Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

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