Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive 2 > Reasoning > Flashcards

Reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normative question?

A

how should we reason?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the most obvious example of how we should reason?

A

logic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is formal logic?

A

a system of calculating which conclusions follow from a set of facts and the connections between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when used in psychology, what does formal logic typically focus on?

A

necessary inferences: inferences which must be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does it mean for a fact to have two truth values?

A

a fact is either true or false.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is diagnostic reasoning?

A

given facts, and we draw a conclusion for them. the diagnosis is not necessarily true, but likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is probability?

A

the likelihood of something being true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is Bayes theorem?

A

tells us how much to increase our belief by

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the descriptive question?

A

how do we actually reason?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the mental model theory of reasoning?

A

we don’t reason using logical rules or probabilities. we imagine possibilities. integrate the facts into one or more models. if conc. is true in every model, then it must be a valid conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe reasoning via causal mental models

A

represent causal relations between elements. draw inferences from them. may be inaccurate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

if the mental model is flawed…

A

the inference will be too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is belief bias?

A

judge conclusion by prior belief rather than logic. can’t ignore belief about thefts, even when told to do so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

given some evidence for irrationality

A

people deviate from the normative solutions to tasks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does it mean that many problems used in reasoning studies are intractable?

A

solvable in principle, but not in practice - too long, too much info, too many choices: cannot calcite expected theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is bounded rationality?

A

not rational, but not irrational either.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does Simon (1957) propose?

A

we find the optimal solutions given the constraints of cognition and the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does satisficing involve?

A

set an acceptable standard for the outcome; sample options in turn; choose the first one thats good enough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does satisficing tell us about heuristics?

A

they are not inherently biased or irrational - they can be optimal given the constraints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the two forms of rationality?

A

adaptive or normative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does it mean for rationality to be adaptive?

A

you take actions to achieve your goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does it mean for rationality to be normative?

A

you follow a coherent normative framework eg. logic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe dual process theory

A

we are not simply logical. many psychological theories propose two types. used t explain reasoning and decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe system 1 of the standard dual process theory (Evans, 2008)

A

implicit, automatic, low effort, rapid, evolutionarily old, associative, contextualised, independent of intelligence, independent of WM, emotion (‘hot’ - not in evans). fast, intuitive responses that are learnt through experience (heuristics)

25
Q

describe system 2 of the standard dual process theory (Evans, 2008)

A

explicit, controlled, high effort, slow, evolutionary new, rule based, abstract, limited by intelligence, limited by WM, ‘cold’ cognition. slow, analytic response that are calculated from info presented (mental models)

26
Q

what is a classic task to investigate the standard dual process theory?

A

conjunction fallacy; belief bias

27
Q

describe some evidence for dual process theory: speeded response

A

heuristic responses are fast and analytic responses are slow. so fast response deadlines prevent analytic thinking. reduced accuracy only in conflict problems.

28
Q

describe some evidence for dual process theory: working memory load

A

heuristic thinking require little WM resource and analytic thinking requires a lot. so secondary WM load prevents analytic thinking. reduced accuracy only in conflict problems

29
Q

describe some evidence for dual process theory: cognitive reflection test

A

a bat and a ball cost £1.10 in total. bat costs £1 more than the ball. how much does the ball cost. intuitive = 10p. basic maths = 5p. score on test is a measure of how much people use system 1 or 2.

30
Q

what does cognitive reflection test correlate with?

A

analytic thought. high score correlates with choosing options with higher expected utility. low score correlates with common biases

31
Q

people with low CRT scores more likely to rate computer-generated pseudo profound statements (bullshit) as…?

A

deeply meaningful

32
Q

people with low CRT scores more likely to believe in…

A

conspiracy theories and the paranormal

33
Q

people with low CRT scores less likely to believe in…

A

evolution - and less analytic thinking in general

34
Q

what is the fluency heuristic?

A

the option that is processed faster or more easily is the best. fluent options seem truer, more likeable, more frequent

35
Q

lack of fluency is uses as a metacognitive cue to switch on…?

A

analytic thought

36
Q

give an example of fluency

A

when asked to name 6 or 12 examples of assertive behaviour, those who named 12 rated themselves as less assertive (Schwarz et al., 1991)

37
Q

name some critiques of dual process theories

A

do all properties form a dichotomy or are some a continuum (eg. automatic/controlled. a controlled process can become automatic with practice). are two entire systems necessary to explain the findings (speeded response findings could be one process with different criteria (logic and belief) the belle process is quicker to apply)

38
Q

how many stages of moral development are there according to Kohlberg (1981)?

A

6

39
Q

what are stages 1 and 2 of moral development?

A

pre-conventional: what are the consequences?

40
Q

what are stages 3 and 4 of moral development?

A

conventional: what are society’s expectations?

41
Q

what are stages 5 and 6 of moral development?

A

post-conventional: what are you personal ethical principles?

42
Q

what is the social intuitionist approach?

A

intuitive, affective (good/bad) evaluations come first, post hoc rationalisations follow intuitions

43
Q

what is moral dumbfounding?

A

even when all the rational reasons why XYZ were wrong are rolled out, many people feel it is wrong

44
Q

what did Schanll et al. (2008) find influenced opinions on moral dilemmas

A

judgements on dead dog scenario harsher when exposed to fart spray

45
Q

what are deontological moral judgements based on?

A

rights and duties - Kant’s moral philosophy

46
Q

what are utilitarian or consequential moral judgements?

A

weighing up the overall greater good - Bentham;s moral philosophy

47
Q

deontological judgements are…

A

automatic and emotional.

48
Q

what part of the brain are deontological judgements associated with?

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (risk and fear)

49
Q

utilitarian judgements are…

A

controlled and rational

50
Q

what part of the brain are utilitarian judgements associated with?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (executive function)

51
Q

what do personal moral violations trigger?

A

emotional responses

52
Q

what type of moral judgement does cognitive load interfere more with, and why?

A

utilitarian responses, because it selectively hinders rational evaluation not emotional response

53
Q

give an example of how we can calculate the expected utility of the options

A

multi attribute utility theory: directly estimate likelihoods and benefits and do the maths. use linear models to make judgements eg. lens model

54
Q

what type of judgements are more accurate than clinical judgements?

A

mechanical

55
Q

what are some examples of confirmation bias?

A

2-4-6 task (Wason, 1960); hindsight bias (Fischoff, 1975); group think (Janis, 1982)

56
Q

what are some examples of prospect theory?

A

deviations from EU theory; certainty effect, loss aversion, sunk costs etc.

57
Q

what are some debiasing methods?

A

consider the alternative; ego decentering; take an outsiders view; inside view; outside view

58
Q

give an example of a ‘nudge’

A

libertarian paternalism; construct the ‘choice architecture’ to encourage choices that are most beneficial to them.

Cognitive 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions