reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

inductive reasoning

A
  • drawing general conclusions from the premises referring to particular instances
    not always true
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

deductive reasoning

A

conclusions are certainly valid
based on formal logic
conclusion is always reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

confirmation

A
  • Accumulation of evidence in line with your hypothesis
  • Try to find evidence which fits in with your hypothesis
  • But not a very successful way as cannot discover things that don’t fit in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

falsification

A

attempt to find contradicting evidence

challenge hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Watson 2-4-8

A

3 numbers in ascending order
28% did not discover the rule
as they use confirmation bias
and its a very specific and narrow hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cowley & Byrne, 2005

2-4-8

A

when hypothesis is your own you are less likely to abandon it
only 25% abandon own hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tweney et al 1980

2-4-8

A
  • when dont need to use falsification = improved performance
    when 2 categories to divide things into
    so everything fits into one
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gale and ball 2012

2-4-8

A

If information counterexamples are given, performance increases
DAX example: 2-4-6 / MED example: 6-4-2 (success: 75%) OR 4-4-4 (success: 23%)
Drawing attention to the relevant aspect of the task increases success rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cherubini et al 2005

2-4-8

A

tend to tailor hypothesis to the given example

when these differ = 70% work it out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Russo & Melyo 2008

2-4-8

A

reducing feedback helps to promote hypothesis generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Klahr & Simon 2011

scientific hypothesis

A

use weak methods
trial and error
rule of thumb
means-end analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dunbar 1993

scientific evidence

A

computer based genetic lab

People showed confirmation bias; only 20% looked at inconsistent findings after failing to confirm original hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fuselsang et al 2004

scientific evidence

A

1 – don’t abandon hypothesis when data inconsistent
2 – instead change method and re-run experiment
3 – finally if inconsistent data persists after many experiments then change the hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

modus ponens

A

p then q
so if P then Q
valid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

modus tollens

A

p then q

so not Q = not P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

denial of the antecedent

A

p then q
not P not Q
not valid
could be another explanation

17
Q

affirmation of the consequence

A

p then q
so q so p
not valid
q does not mean p did occur

18
Q

role of knowledge and experience

A

People make inferences based on human behaviour – such interferences are not included in logical reasoning

19
Q

counterexample strategy

A

think about the counterexamples
accept if none found
this is cognitively demanding

20
Q

statistical strategy

A
  • Estimation of probability that an event occurs based on experience.
    Cognitively not demanding