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Psychology of Learning 7127 > Reasearch Methods > Flashcards

Reasearch Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stimulus? What are the two types of stimulus? (AA)

A

Any event that can potentially influence behaviour

  • Appetitive (seek out)
  • Aversive (avoid)
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2
Q

What is a response?

A

An instance of a behaviour

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3
Q

What is a motivating operation? What are the types of motivating operations (give examples)

A

A procedure that affects the appetitiveness or
aversiveness of an event.

  • Establishing operation (increases)
  • Depriving an animal of food - increases the appetitiveness of food.

• Abolishing operation (decreases)
• Overfeeding (satiating) an animal - decreases the appetitiveness of
food.

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4
Q

What is Contiguity? Name the two types.

A

the sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their association in the mind.

  • Temporal: extent to which events occur close together in time (time)
  • Spatial: extent to which events are situated close to each other (Space)
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5
Q

What is contingency

A

A predictive relationship between two events

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6
Q

What are some measures of learning? (11)

A
  1. Errors
  2. Topography (‘how’)
  3. Intensity or magnitude
  4. Speed and rapidity
  5. Latency or lag time
  6. Rate or frequency –
    cumulative record
  7. Fluency
  8. Duration or length of time
  9. Interval recording (continuous time)
    10.Time-sample recording (discontinuous time)
    11.Reliability (incl. inter-observer agreement)
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7
Q

Name four types of non-experimental research designs

A
  1. Naturalisatic observation
  2. Case studies
  3. Anecdotes
  4. Descriptive studies
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8
Q

List adv/disadv for naturalistic observation (1/2)

A

Advantage:
• Rich, detailed
information

Disadvantage:
• Can’t determine cause
and effect
• Influence of extraneous
variables
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9
Q

What are descriptive studies?

A

Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied

a researcher attempts to desribe a group by obtaining data from the member either by questionniares or interviews.

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10
Q

What are the types of research designs used for behaviour? (3)

A
  • Descriptive
  • Experimental
  • Use of animals in research
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11
Q

What are two types of experiemental designs used in behaviour?

A
  1. Group designs
    • Betweensubjects/Controlgroup designs
    • Factorial design
    • Comparative design
  2. Single-subject designs
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12
Q

Adv/disadv of group experimental designs (1/3).

A

Advantage:
• Test cause and effect

Disadvantage:
• Need large N
• Assess average
performance
• Analyse at the end of
the study
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13
Q

Adv/disadv of an AB design experimental designs (1/3).

A

Advantage:
• Small N

Disadvantage:
• Does not control for
external influences

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14
Q

What are the the types of single-subject experimental designs?

A

Simple-Comparison (A-B)
Reversal ABAB
Mulitple baseline

(A = baseline, B = treatment)

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15
Q

Desribe a reversal ABAB design

A

Repeated ABAB alterations

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16
Q

Describe an AB design

A

Behaviour in baseline condition
compared to behaviour in
treatment condition
• Within-subject design

17
Q

Adv/disadv of an ABAB reversal design (4/3)

A 
Advantage:
• Small N
• Individualised treatment
• No need for statistics
• Replication allows for
generalisation
• Test multiple treatments
Disadvantage:
• Can be ambiguous
• Inappropriate for a
treatment with long-term
effects
• Ethical concerns
18
Q

Describe a multiple-baseline design

A

A alterations across person, setting,

behaviour

19
Q

What are the adv/disadv to muliple baseline designs?

A

Advantage:
• Don’t withdraw treatment
• Good for treatments that
produce permanent change

Disadvantage:
• Need 2+ people (settings or
behaviour)
• Treatment may generalise
before we are ready
20
Q

What is a Changing-criterion design?

A

An experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment

21
Q

Adva/disadv of using animals in research (4/2).

A 
Advantages:
• Control learning history
environment
• Control genetic makeup
• Control experimental
environment
• Enables research
deemed unethical with
humans

Disadvantages:
• Applicability?
• Moral?

22
Q

What is latency?

A

The time that passes before a behaviour occurs.

Psychology of Learning 7127 (12 decks)

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