Applications of Classical Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some instances of CC in real life.

A
  • Taste Aversion: Feeling nausea when we see a food that had previously made us sick.
  • We associate burgers with salivation. We are constanty seeing the ‘golden M.’ Our appetite increases when we see the ‘golden M’ even if there is no burger.
  • Conditioned immune response. Chemotherapy causes nausea, after eating the patient is nauseous –> the patient begins to think nausea is caused by the food.
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2
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Apprehension about an anticipated issue

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3
Q

What is fear or panic?

A

Apprehensive response to immediate threat or danger

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4
Q

What are the three components of fear? (CPB)

A
  • Cognitive/subjective
  • Physiological
  • Behavioural
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5
Q

What are the types of anxiety disorders?

A
  • Phobias
  • Specific Phobias
  • Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)
  • Agoraphobia
  • Panic Disorder
  • Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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6
Q

Characteristic of anxiety disorders (3)

A
  • Physiology and emotional experience
  • Etiology
  • Treatment methods
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7
Q

Features that distinguish anxiety disorders (3).

A
  • Nature and frequency of symptoms
  • Emphasis on factors in theoretical models
  • Treatment targets
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8
Q

What is dual-processing theory & who was it proposed by?

A
• Both classical conditioning (fear) and operant
conditioning principles (escape and avoidance) play
a role in the onset and maintenance of anxiety
disorders

Mawer.

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9
Q

What are some behaviours & habits associated with phobias?

A
  • Feared stimulus, disproportionate
  • Avoidance
  • Interferes with normal functioning
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10
Q

Name three types of phobias.

A
  • Specific phobia
  • Social phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)
  • Agoraphobia
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11
Q

Phobias result for a process of ______.

A

overgeneralisation

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12
Q

Can we determine CC to be the only cause of phobias? Why?

A

Many people with phobias have no direct experience – thus classical conditioning cannot be the whole story
• Many people in extremely frightening situations do not develop phobias

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13
Q

What are the 6 factors influencing acquisition?

A
  1. Observational learning
  2. Temperament
  3. Preparedness
  4. History of control
  5. Incubation
  6. Selective sensitisation
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14
Q

How does observational learning influence acquisition of fear?

A

• Observing fear reaction in others

I see in my mum:
Spider (NS) : observe fear (US) –> feel fear (UR)

Therefore, when I see a spider:
spider (CS) —> feel fear (CR)

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15
Q

Describe the influence of temperament on fear conditioning:

A

• Base level of emotionality or reactivity to stimulation
• Genetically determined
• For example:
• Pavlov’s dogs that were shy and withdrawn more easily
conditioned than outgoing
• Little Albert selected due to emotional stability
• Generally, anxiety disorders show concordance in families
• Influences how easily an individual could develop a phobia

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16
Q

Describe the influence of prepardness on fear conditioning:

A
  • Predisposition in a species to learn specific associations more than others
  • Inherited predisposition to fear specific objects or events
  • Cook & Mineka (1989)
  • Rhesus monkeys observed another reacting fearfully or nonfearfully to fear-relevant stimulus (e.g. snake) or fearirrelevant stimulus (flowers)
  • Conditioned fear resulted from observing model reacting fearfully to fear-relevant stimulus
  • Influences how easily a particular phobia could be acquired
17
Q

Describe the influence of History on fear conditioning:

A

History of control
• History of being able to control important events in
environment
• Having a degree of control reduces impact of traumatic events

18
Q

Describe the influence of Incubation on fear conditioning:

A

• Classically conditioned fears do not extinguish in way
expected (through repeated exposure to CS without US) due to avoidance – loss of opportunity
• If develop a fear through classical conditioning and then engage in escape/avoidance each time, the fear may grow worse (counters extinction and UR>CR rule)

19
Q

Describe the influence of Selective Sensitisation on fear conditioning:

A

• Increase in reactivity to a potentially fearful stimulus
following exposure to an unrelated stressful event
• Through periods of stress or anxiety, minor fears and
anxieties may become enhanced

During exam period, do minor events become more
severe?