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Psychology of Learning 7127 > Introduction to Behaviour & History > Flashcards

Introduction to Behaviour & History Flashcards

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1
Q

What is behaviour?

A

“Anything a person or other animal does that can be

measured”

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2
Q

What is the difference between internal behaviours and external behaviours?

A

Internal- a behaviour that happens within one’s skin

External- a behaviour outside of one’s skin

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3
Q

What is the difference between covert and overt behaviour?

A

Covert- only visible to the performer

Overt- visible to others

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4
Q

What kind of behaviour is thinking “I am boring?”

A

Internal Covert

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5
Q

Define reflex

A

“A relationship between a specific event and a simple
response to that event.” (Chance, 2014, p. 11)
• The relationship between the events not the
behaviour.

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6
Q

What is an elicited stimulus?

A

(involuntary) behaviour drawn out by certain stimulus

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7
Q

Describe what a relfex is

A

Simple, automatic response to a stimulus that has survival value

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8
Q

Name some reflexes

A

Startle, Orienting response, Flexion response, Vomiting reflex

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9
Q

What is a Fixed action patterns/Modal Action Patters (MAP)

A

Fixed sequence of responses elicited by a stimulus (releaser)
• Unique to species and evolved for consistent environments
• Involve entire organism
• More complex and variable

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10
Q

What is a General Behaviour trait? Give examples

A

A tendency to engage in a certain kind of behaviour”
(Chance, 2014, p. 16)
• E.g., outgoing, shy, aggressive, relaxed, etc…

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11
Q

How are MAP/FAP different from General behaviour traits?

A

They are more variable through a species and occur in a wide range of situations (rather than just a response to a stimulus)

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12
Q

Define Learning

A

• “A change in behavior due to experience.”
• “A change in behavior due to a change in the
environment” (Chance, 2014, p 21, p24)

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13
Q

What are the two types of learning?

A

Immediate & delayed

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14
Q

What is learning? (4)

A
  • The acquisition of new knowledge
  • The transference of already known facts
  • The acquisition of new skills
  • The acquisition of likes and dislikes
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15
Q

The two learning processes: Declarative and _____

A

Non-declarative

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16
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Declarative learning is acquiring information that one can speak about (contrast with motor learning)

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17
Q

What are the types of declarative memory? (2)

A

Semantic; Episodic

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18
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

FACTS- Not drawn from personal experience. Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime

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19
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place. “Episodes” of your life

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20
Q

What is non-declarative memory? and what are the types of non-declarative memory?

A

Memory that is acquired and used unconsciously, and can affect thoughts and behaviours.

Procedural; Behavioural;
Emotional

21
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

As the name implies, procedural memory stores information on how to perform certain procedures, such as walking, talking and riding a bike

22
Q

What is behavioural memory?

A

Memory of behaviour (????)

23
Q

What is emotional memory?

A

Memory of experiences that evoked an emotional reaction.

24
Q

What are the three types learning? (RAL)

A
  • Rote: repetition of a particular stimuli
  • Associative: Learning to link two events that occur close together
  • Learning Processes:
    • Classical Conditioning
    • Operant Conditioning
    • Observational Learning
25
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Involuntary behaviours in new situations

26
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

strengthening or weakening of a voluntary

behaviour based on its consequences

27
Q

Types of learning processes (4)

A

Operant, Classical, Observational Learning & Inherited dispositions.

28
Q

What are the three types of adaptive behaviours produced by natural selection?

A
  • Reflexive
  • Modal action patterns/fixed action patterns
  • General behaviour traits
29
Q

A speck of dirt hits your eye- what is the reflex in this case?

A

The reflex is the relation between the speck of dirt and your need to blink (relationship between two events), it is not the eye blink itself (which would be the behaviour).

30
Q

How do MAPS differ from reflexes? (3)

A

They involve the whole organism rather than a few muscles & glands.

They are also more complex- consist of a long series of reflex-like acts & are more variable.

Are said to be ‘thoughtful acts’ rather an innate ones.

31
Q

What type of MAP does the opossum exhibit?

A

Playing dead

32
Q

Although it is debatable, what else can we call MAPs in humans? Give an example

A

Instincts, e.g. the sex instinct or the maternal instinct

33
Q

MAPs are elicited by specific environmental events called ______.

A

Releasers

34
Q

General behaviour are behavioural tendencies with a strong _____.

A

Beahavioural component.

35
Q

What changes behaviour is experience. Experience is _____.

A

Changes in the environment due to stimuli.

36
Q

Who are two philosophers that debated nurture vs. nature? What did they believe?

A

Plato- was a nativist (nature)

Aristotle- was an empricist and believed in nurture

37
Q

What are the 4 laws of association (SCCF)?

A

•Law of Similarity (e.g. cars and trucks)
•Law of Contrast (e.g. black and white)
•Law of Contiguity (closeness) (e.g. thunder and
lightning)
•Law of Frequency (e.g. go together)

38
Q

What was Decrates known for?

A

Mind-body dualism

“I think before I am”

Some behaviours are reflexes that
are automatically elicited by
external stimulation, others are
freely chosen and controlled by the
mind
39
Q

Decribe British Empiricism, who coined it?

A 
• John Locke and British Empiricism
• Tabula rasa
• The mind is composed of a set of
finite basic elements (sounds,
smells, colours) that are combined
through the principles of
association into complex sensations
and thought patterns
40
Q

What is structualism? Who coined it?

A
  • Wundt

Structuralism studies the human mind and the basic units that can be identified through introspection.

41
Q

What is functionalism? Who coined it?

A 
James and Functionalism
• Adaptive processes of the mind
• Darwinism and natural selection – the
ability to learn confers significant
survival advantages
• Focuses on the adaptive abilities of the mind
42
Q

What is behaviourism? Who is responsible for the rise of it?

A 
John B. Watson
• Experimental psychology vs.
consciousness and introspection
• Observable phenomena
• Clear research questions

Behaviourism: natural science
approach to psychology focusing on
environmental influences on
observable behaviour

43
Q

What are the five schools of behaviourism?

A
  1. Watson’s Methodological Behaviourism
  2. Hull’s Neobehaviourism
  3. Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviourism
  4. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
  5. Skinner’s Radical Behaviourism
44
Q

Desribe Watson’s Methodological Behaviourism

A

John. B Watson
• Study of ‘publicly’ observable behaviour
• Subjective activities too difficult to assess and
excluded unless method of measurement exists
• Practice makes perfect ~10 years + hours

Stimulus —— Response

45
Q

Describe Hull’s Neobehaviourism

A 
• Clark L. Hull
• Operationalisation of unobserved
constructs and events
• e.g. gravity
• Mediation by intervening variables which explained the
stimulus – response relationship
• physiological reactions such as hunger
• Note: not mental processes

environmental events —> Internal events e.g. hunger —> Observable behaviour

46
Q

Describe Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviourism

A

Edward C. Tolman
• “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”
• Patterns of behaviour rather than a chain of S-R
connections
•Intervening cognitive processes, e.g. cognitive map
• Latent learning

47
Q

Describe Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A

Albert Bandura
• Observational Learning
• Social Learning Theory: importance of observational
learning and cognitive variables in explaining human
behaviour
• Reciprocal determinism:
• environmental events, observable behaviour, ‘person variables’, e.g. think, feel- all influence eachother.

48
Q

Describe Skinner’s Radical Behaviourism

A

• Internal states not explanations of behaviour but an
event to be explained
•‘covert’ and ‘overt’ governed by same rules
• Cause, consequence or correlate?
• Capacity to manipulate environment for positive
effect
• Countercontrol: the deliberate manipulation of
environment to alter of impact behaviour
• Operant conditioning as natural selection in an
individual
• Behaviour analysis and contemporary psychological
treatment

49
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning occurs despite absence of evidence of learning, apparent only under different condition.

Psychology of Learning 7127 (12 decks)

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