Real property Flashcards
Freehold Estates: What are the three species of defeasible fees?
Fee simple determinable
Fee simple subject to condition subsequent
Fee simple subject to an executory limitation.
What is a fee simple determinable?
Language: Clear Durational Language - language providing that upon the happening of a stated event, the land is to revert to the grantor
Automatic!
Duration: Potentially infinite, so long as event does not occur.
FI: Possibility of reverter (held by grantor).
FSDPOR: Fee Simple Determinable, Possibility Of Reverter.
NY term:
Fee simple determinable
“Fee on limitation”
What is a fee simple subject to condition subsequent?
To A, but if X event happens, grantor reserves the right to reenter and retake.”
Grantor must carve out right of entry.
Not automatic - must exercise right!
Duration: Potentially infinite, so long as event does not occur.
FI: Right of entry/power of termination (held by grantor)
NY term:
Fee simple subject to condition precedent
Fee on condition
NY term:
Right of entry / power of termination
Right of re-acquisition
What is a fee simple subject to an executory limitation?
To A, but if X event occurs, then to B.”
Duration: Potentially infinite, so long as stated contingency does not occur.
FI: Shifting Executory interest (held by third party).
(Just like FSD, only now, if the condition is broken, estate is automatically forfeit in favor of someone other than O, grantor.)
Life estate: Future interest?
Reversion - if to Grantor
Remainder - if to 3rd party
What is a remainder?
Future interest in GRANTEE (not O)
Preceding estate of known fixed duration (life estate / number of years)
Never after defeasible fee. Doesn’t cut off prior transferee. Not executory interest.
Vested remainder
Created in ascertained person. No CP.
3 types of vested remainder
Indefeasibly vested
Vested subject to complete defeasance
Vested subject to open
- Indefeasibly vested remainder
Certain to acquire. No conditions.
If predeceases condition - to heirs (CL)
- Vested remainder subject to complete defeasance / total divestment
Condition subsequent. (If CP would be a contingent remainder)
Remainderman’s possession could be cut short by a condition subsequent.
NY term:
Vested remainder subject to complete defeasance
“Remainder vested subject to complete defeasance”
just switched some words around
How to distinguish between CP and CS
CP: before - “if, then” - might not happen –> contingent remainder
CS: after “provided that” - will happen but might not continue –> vested remainder subject to complete defeasance
- Vested subject to open
Class/category not yet closed
At least one already qualified to take (if not –>contingent)
Closes when max membership set, persons born afterwards are excluded
(i.e. whenever any member can demand possession)
Fetus included.
Contingent remainder
Created in unascertained/unborn person(s) OR subject to CP.
NY term:
Contingent remainder AND executory interest are both called:
Remainder subject to CP.
Abolished rule:
“Destructability of contingent remainders”
If still contingent when previous estate ended –> remainder destroyed.
Instead: Grantor with contingent remainder’s springing executory interest.
Abolished rule (everywhere): "Shelley's case" "To A and then to A's heirs"
Becomes FSA.
Instead: Becomes life estate + contingent remainder + O reversion if no heirs.
Abolished rule (in NY):
“Rule of worthier title”
Life estate to A then to O’s heirs.
No remainder in grantor’s heirs. becomes reversion to O.
[Abolished only in NY]
2 types of executory interest
Cuts short interest in O or heirs: “springing”
Cuts short interest in 3rd party: “shifting” – always follows defeasible fee.
When are absolute restrains on alientation voided?
When not linked to reasonable time-limited purpose
Must state TIME and PURPOSE
Tenant entitlement in life estate?
Entitled to all ordinary uses and profits from land.
Must not commit “waste” (i.e. injury to future interest holders)
Three types of “waste”
Voluntary/affirmative
Permissive
Ameliorative
Voluntary/affirmative waste
“Actual overt conduct which causes diminution of value”
Cannot consume/exploit natural resources
4 types of permitted “voluntary waste”
PURGE: Prior Use (was already used for exploitation / open mines) Repairs Granted right to do so Land suitable only for Exploitation
Permissive waste
Must maintain in good repair and pay ordinary taxes.
(to extent of income from land;
to extent of fair rental value - if no income)
Ameliorative waste
Not allowed to enhance value!
EXC: All remaindermen are known and they CONSENT.
NY Reasonable improvements OK unless remaindermen OBJECT (default - allowed)
RAP
Paula’s 4-step test
- Identify future interest
- Identify CP to vesting
- Idenify measuring life
- Certainty after death + 21y?
Future interests subject to RAP
Contingent remainder
Executory interest
Vested remainder subject to open (some)
Future interests NOT subject to RAP
Future interest in Grantor: POR, right of entry, reversion
Indefeasibly vested remainders
Vested remainder subject to complete defeasance [STRANGE!]
Charity to charity transfers [not initial transfer to charity]
Gift to open class conditioned upon members surving beyond 21y?
Violates CL RAP (since someone still might be born and then need to wait 21y).
“Bad as to one, bad as to all” - CP for each member must occur within RAP period.
Otherwise - entire gift void.
Executory interest with no limit on time for vesting
Violates RAP.
What happens when future executory interest violating RAP is stricken?
If provision not gramatically sound anymore - entire condition is stricken.
(The result is that O no longer has a POR, and A has FSA!)
(Better for O to state “to A so long as, then to?.)
RAP Reform (not NY): "Wait and See" / "2nd Look"
Validity of suspect future interest determined on basis of
“facts as they now exist, at conclusion of measuring life”.
–> No “what if” “anything possible”
RAP Reform (not NY): Uniform Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities
Provides alternative 90-year vesting period.
RAP Reform (not NY): Cy Pres
“as near as possible”
Court power to reform transfer in a way most closely matching grantor’s intent, whilee complying with RAP.
[Under “Wait and See” and USRAP]
RAP Reform (also NY!): Age contingency reduction
Reduction of offensive age contingencies to 21.
[Under “Wait and See” and USRAP]
RAP Reform in NY?
Reforms: - Age contingencies reduced to 21y. - Fertile octogenarian - 55y. - No suspension of absolute power of alienation if > life+21y No Wait and See, no Cy pres.]
CONCURRENT OWNERSHIP
3 forms:
Joint tenancy
Tenancy by the entirety
Tenancy in common
Joint tenancy is:
2 or more own WITH right of survivorship
Joint tenancy: Transferability
Transferable inter-vivos.
But not devisable/descendable (because of survivorship)
Joint tenancy: Creation
4 unities: - Same time - Same title - Identical equal interests - With right to possess as a whole AND Grantor must clearly state right of survivorship. No default.
Joint tenancy: Use of straw man?
MBE: Needed when single holder wants to add a joint tenant.
NY No need.
Joint tenancy: Severance - sale during lifetime
Buyer becomes tenant in common.
Joint tenancy severed as soon as sale agreement signed (“equitable conversion”)
OK to sell secretly.
Joint tenancy: Severance - partition
- Voluntary agreement.
- Partition in kind: Judicial action for physical division
- Forced sale, proceeds divided equally.
Joint tenancy: Severance - mortgage
Execution of mortgage does NOT sever joint tenancy (NY + majority - “lien theory”)
(Minority - “title theory”)
Tenancy by the entirety
Protected marital interest WITH right of survivorship
NY default for couples
Tenancy by the entirety: Creation
H&W sharing right of survivorship “as fictitious single person”
Default! Any conveyance made to H&W unless stated otherwise.
Tenancy by the entirety: Creditors of only one spouse
Creditor of one spouse can’t touch tenancy.
NY One spouse can mortgage his own share. Right of survivorship cannot be compromised.
Tenancy by the entirety: Unilateral conveyance
Spouse can’t transfer share to third party without other spouse approval.
Tenancy in common
2 or more own WITHOUT right of survivorship
Tenancy in common - features
Each owns individual part, with right to possess whole.
Descendible, devisable, alienable.
No survivorship rights.
Favored by presumption!
Tenancy in common - can tenant demand rent for being absent?
No.
Tenancy in common - can tenant demarcate property?
No - actionable ouster.
Tenancy in common - one tenant rents out portion
Other tenants entitled to proportionate amount of rental payments.
Tenancy in common - tenant acquires other tenant’s title through adverse possession?
MBE: No. Only by ouster (incl hostility)
NY: Yes if in possession for 20y - “implied ouster”
Tenancy in common - repairs, carrying costs by one tenant?
Entitles to “contribution” from other tenants.
Only repairs, not improvements, except credit at partition for increased value
LEASEHOLD ESTATES
4 types
Tenancy for years
Periodic tenancy
Tenancy at will
Tenancy at sufferance
Tenancy for years
Fixed time.
No notice before expiration.
SoF: >1y must be in writing
Periodic tenancy
Successive intervals until one party gives notice.
Expressly or by implication (contract mentions payment intervals but not lease period, oral term of years in violation of SoF)
Or by Holdover –> implied tenancy for terms of payment.
Periodic tenancy - holdover in NY?
Implied month-to-month tenancy unless agreed otherwise.
Periodic tenancy - when does it end
At conclusion of natural lease period only.
Tenancy at will
No fixed period. Endures as long as either wants.
Payment of regular rent –> implied periodic.
Tenancy at will - when terminated?
By either party upon reasonable demand.
NY Landlord gives at least 30 days.
Tenancy at sufferance
When tenant WRONGFULLY holds over.
Tenant gets ‘leasehold estate’ to allow landlord to collect rent.
Tenancy at sufferance - when terminated?
Until L evicts or holds T for new term.
NY Acceptance of rent creates implied month-to-month periodic tenancy.
TENANT’S DUTIES
3 types
3rd parties
Repair
Pay rent
Tenant duty to 3rd parties
Keep in reasonable repair.
Liable to 3rd parties even when Lessor promised to make repairs.
Tenant duty to repair; law of fixtures
To maintain.
No “waste”.
Fixtures = intent to permanently improve; cannot remove.
“Fixtures pass with ownership of land”
When is tenant’s installation a “fixture”?
When removal doesn’t cause substantial harm “in objective judgment” –> NOT a fixture
Causes = intention to install fixture.
When premises destroyed AND tenant ha obligation to maintain in good condition?
Majority: T may end lease if premises destroyed without T’s fault.
NY T may end lease when lessee does not give express undertaking to restore.
(CL: T responsible for any loss including force of nature)
Failure to pay rent - self help?
NO!
Huge damages in NY.
Only: eviction through court, or continue and sue for rent
Failure to pay rent while T is not in possession?
L can decide whether to “surrender”, “ignore” or “relet”
Failure to pay - “surrender”
Implies offer of surrender of leasehold.
But if >1y, must be in writing under SoF, no implication.
Failure to pay - “ignore” (only NY)
As if T still in possession, hold liable for deficiency in rent payments.
NY + minority
Failure to pay - “re-let” (not NY)
Good faith effort to re-let in order to mitigate damages.
Not required in NY
LANDLORD’s DUTIES
Possession
Quiet enjoyment
Habitability
No retaliatory eviction
Landlord: Possession
Put T in actual physical possession.
Landlord: Quiet enjoyment
“Implied covenant of quiet enjoyment”
Residential AND commercial
Incl “constructive eviction” - eg. floods in rain
Conditions for “constructive eviction”
- Substantial interference (attributed to L’s action or failure)
- Notice to L, L fails to respond meaningfully
- Get out - T must vacate within reasonable amount of time after failure, cannot remain and claim constructive eviction!
[SING]
Landlord: Habitability
“Implied warranty of habitability”
Only residential. Non-waivable.
“Must be fit for basic human dwelling” - bare requirements supplied by local housing code or case law.
Remedies to breach of habitability warranty
Move out + terminate
Repair and deduct
Reduce rent (in escrow) until court determines fair rent
Remain in possession, pay rent, seek damages.
Landlord: No retaliatory action
For housing code violation whistleblowers.
Assignment/Sublease - default?
MBE: Allowed by default.
NY
ASSIGN: Default requires L’s written consent. If unreasonably withheld, T can seek release from lease.
SUBLET: In residential building with 4+ units, sublet requires consent which cannot be unreasonably whthheld. Unreasonable - deemed consent!
When contract makes subject to L’s prior approval
If approved once, automatically waives right to object in future, unless expressly reserved.
Privity of contract between L and assignee T2?
No, only privity of estate. T1 secondarily liable to L. Unless T2 expressly assumed all promises in lease.
Actual tenant always has “privity of estate” with landlord and can be liable, even if T did not expressly undertake contract.
Privity of contract between L and sublet tenant?
No privity of contract.
No privity of estate either!
Landlord’s tort liability - CL rule
“Let the tenant beware”. No duty to make premises safe.
5 exceptions to L tort liability
CLAPS:
- COMMON AREAS (must maintain)
- LATENT DEFECTS rule (must warn if known or had reason to know) (not duty to repair)
- ASSUMPTION of repairs (if undertaken must complete reasonably, and liable for negligent repair)
- PUBLIC USE rule (liable for defects which L knows T will not repair, due to nature of defect and length of lease)
- SHORT-TERM LEASE of furnished dwelling
EASEMENT - Define
Grant of a non-possessory property interest
that entitles its holder to some form of use or enjoyment
of another’s land
Land subject to easement is called
Servient tenement
Most are affirmative.
Four categories of negative:
Light
Air
Support
Stream water from artificial flow
How to create negative easement?
Expressly in writing signed by grantor
No natural or automatic right
Distinguish:
Appurtenant easement / held in gross?
Appurtenant: Benefits holde in physical use of property
(Dominant tenement vs Servient tenement) – need two!
In gross: Personal/pecuniary advantage not related to use of land.
(No dominant tenement)
Transferability of easements?
Appurtenant:
Automatically upon sale of dominant estate.
Automatically upon sale of subservient estate unless buyer is BFP without notice of easement!
In gross:
Only easement for commercial purpose transfers automatically.
4 ways to create affirmative easement
PING: Prescription Implication Necessity Grant
- Prescription
Adverse possession:
COAH - ‡†—„
Continuous use for given statutory period (NY 10y)
Open notorious use
Actual use
Hostile - without servient landowner permission (if permission - no AP!)
- Implication
Previous use was apparent
Parties reasonable expect that use will survive division, since reasonably necessary to dominant land’s reasonable use and enjoyment.
- Necessity
Eg. Conveyed landlocked portion of land.
- Grant
SoF: If >1 must be in writing (“Deed of Easement”)
Unilateral expansion of orignal scope of easement to benefit non-dominant parcel?
Not allowed.
Termination of easement
8 types - END CRAMP
Estoppel - Servient owner materially changes position in reliance on assurance that easement not enforced.
Necessity: Easement created by necessity ends when necessity ends (unless given in writing)
Destruction: of servient land (EXC by sevient owner)
Condemnation of servient estate (eg. gov builds road)
Release: in writing
Abandonment: Easement holder physically demonstrates intention never to use easement again
Merger doctrine: Title to both lands vested in same person –>easement extinguished.
Prescription: Servient owner blocks, extinguished via AP (COAH)
LICENSE - define
Freely revocable
Mere privilege
To enter another’s land
For a specific/delineated purpose
Licenses subject to SoF?
No!
What can bar revocation of license?
Estoppel. Licensee invested substantial money or labor
Licenses - 2 examples
Tickets
Oral easments
PROFIT - define
Entitles holder to enter subservient land and take soil or substance of soil
Profit - same rules as:
Easements,
incl >1y SoF requirement.
COVENANT - define and distinguish from easement.
Contractual limitation or promise regarding land.
Not easement, which is property right in land
Negative covenants - types:
Unlimited.
Not like 4 negative easements.
Covenant - distinguish from equitable servitute
Acc to basis of remedy!
If $$ damages –>covenant
If injunctive –> equitable servitute.
When does covenant run with land?
When it is capable of binding successors
When both lands transferred - first analyze burden - harder test.
Burdened land transferred - when does covenant bind transferee?
[WITHN]
Writing (original promise, not transferee undertaking)
Intent (orig parties intended that promise would run)
Touch and concern the land: Promise affects parties legal relations as landowners, not members of community at large
Horizontal privity: succession of estate between orig. parties - grantor/grantee, landlord/tenant, mortgagor/mortgagee
Vertical privity: between A1-A2 (anything except AP)
Notice: A1 had some notice of promise
Most common reason to disqualify binding of transferee of burden land
No horizontal privity between original promising parties
Benefiting land transferred - when does covenant benefit transferee?
[WITV]
Writing. Intent. Touch and concern.
Vertical privity. (Not horizontal!) (Way easier than burdened property)
EQUITABLE SERVITUDES - define
Promise that equity will enforce against successors.
Accompanied by injunctive relief.
Creation of equitable servitude binding successors
[WITNES]
Writing Intent (to be enforceable against assignees) Touch and concern Notice - to assignees of promise (Privity not required!)
Implied equitable servitude - when?
Eg, sells many lots with restrictive coventants against commercial use, then sells one without. Is last one bound (“reciprocal negative servitude”)?
Implied equitable servitude - 2 elements
- When sales began - subdivider had general scheme of residential development which included this lot.
- Lot holder had notice of promise contained in all prior deeds.
Notice - 3 types
[AIR]
Potentially “imputed to D”:
Actual - literal knowledge
Inquiry - neighborhood appears to conform to common restriction
Record - publicly recorded docs (NY he does not have record notice of prior deeds themselves)
ADVERSE POSSESSION - concept
“Possession for a statutorily prescribed period can, subject to conditions, RIPEN into title.”
AP - 4 elements
COAH Continuous possession Open and notorious Actual Hostile
Does possessor’s subjective state of mind matter?
MBE: Irrelevant
NY: Must have mistaken “good faith belief” that land is his. If he knows he is occupying 3rdP land - no AP!!!!
Tacking - including predecessor’s possession time for SoL?
When there is privity - any non-hostile nexus. Not when there has been an ouster.
True owner afflicted by disability at INCEPTION OF AP
SoL doesn’t run.
N/A if afflicted after inception of AP
REAL ESTATE CONVEYANCE
2 steps
Land contract.
Closing - deed becomes operative document.
Contract - SoF requirements
In writing.
Signed by D
Describe land
State some consideration
If actual size is less than size in K?
Specific performance
Pro rata reduction in purchase price
Exception to SoF in land Ks
"Doctrine of part performance" Two of three --> specific performance for oral contract: 1. B takes physical possession 2. B pays all or part of price 3. B makes substantial improvement
Risk of loss in K?
MBE: Equitable conversion - “equity regards as done that which ought to be done”. Therefore, BUYER bears risk of land destruction after contract.
NY So long as buyer is without fault, risk of loss remains with SELLER until buyer has title or takes possession.
Two implied promises in every land contract
To provide marketable title
Not to make any false statements of material fact
Marketable title is
Title free from reasonable doubt, free from law suits and the threat of litigation
3 circumstances which render title UNmarketable
Adverse Possession –> No “good record title”
Encumbrances –> No unencumbered fee simple
If the property violates an applicable zoning ordinance
General disclaimer of liability in K?
Does not excuse seller from liability for fraud or failure to disclose.
Contract contains implied warranties of fitness or habitability?
Nope! Buyer beware.
EXC: Implied warranty of fitness and workmanlike construction in sale of a new home by a builder-vendor.
DEED: Requirements for passing legal title
[LEAD]
Lawfully executed and delivered
Lawful execution of deed?
In writing.
Signed by Grantor.
Doesn’t need consideration.
Unambiguous description of land (doesn’t need to be perfect)
Lawful delivery of deed?
Grantor physically or manually transfers the deed the grantee.
Can use mail, an agent or a messenger.
Test present intent: Did grantor have the present intent to be immediately bound, irrespective of whether or not the deed itself has been literally handed over.
Express rejection of the deed: defeats delivery
Delivery with oral condition?
Oral condition void.
Delivery via escrow, seller dies before condition is met?
Still valid delivery.
3 types of deed
Quitclaim (worst)
General warranty deed (best)
Statutory special warranty deed (NY: “Bargain and Sale Deed”)
Quitclaim deed
No covenants, no promise that seller has title!
And contract is no longer effective post-closing!
General warranty deed
Warrants against all defects in title, including predecessors.
6 typical covenants in general warranty deed
PRESENT COVENANTS Seisin - he owns Right to convey No encumbrances ----------------- FUTURE COVENANTS Quiet enjoyment (re title) Covenant of warranty (will defend) Further assurances (will perfect title if turns out to be imperfect)
When does SoL start to run on deed covenants?
Present covenants: On delivery.
Future covenants: On breach.
Statutory special warranty deed
NY “Bargain and Sale Deed”
2 promises:
Grantor has not conveyed to anyone else
Free from encumbrances by grantor
(No reps re predecessors)
RECORDING SYSTEMS
Two different jurisdictions
Notice jurisdiction
Race-notice jurisdiction
NY is a ?. Jurisdiction
Race-notice jurisdiction
Notice jurisdiction:
BFP always wins, regardless whether he records first
enough to be BFP
Race-notice jurisdiction:
BFP only wins if he records first
Must be both BFP and to record first
BFP is
Purchases for value
AND
Without notice someone purchased first
Purchaser “for value”
Discount OK. Any “substantial pecuniary consideration”
Do recording statutes protect: donees, heirs, devisees?
Nope.
EXC under Shelter Rule
Three forms of notice
Actual knowledge
Inquiry - examination of land would reveal, or if recorded instrument references unrecorded transaction
Record - if prev purchaser properly recorded deed.
Text of notice statute
“A conveyance of an interest in land shall not be valid against any subsequent purchaser for value, without notice thereof,
unless the conveyance is recorded.”
Text of race-notice statute
“Any conveyance of an interest in land shall not be valid against any subsequent purchaser for value, without notice thereof,
whose conveyance is first recorded.”
Proper recording of title which always gives notice to subsequent buyers
“Properly recorded
within chain of title”
3 chain of title problems
Shelter Rule
Wild Deed
Estoppel by deed
Shelter Rule
Someone who buys from BFP steps into BFP’s shoes.
“Takes shelter in the status of his transferor”
Including donees etc
Wild Deed
O-A transaction not recorded.
A-B transaction recorded - but not connected to title and a search wouldn’t find it – therefore a “nullity”. Does not put anyone on notice.
O-C transaction prevails despite the wild deed.
Estoppel by deed
One who conveys realty in which he has no interest
is estopped from denying the validity of that conveyance.
(Even though it is a wild deed)
MORTGAGE
2 elements
Debt
Voluntary transfer of a security interest in debtor’s land to secure debt.
Mortgage - SoF
Must be in writing.
Equitable mortgage
Giving a deed to the land.
Can use parol evidence to determine parties’ intent.
If equitable mortgagee sells land to BFP?
Sale valid!
Transfer of mortgagee interest?
Indorsing note and delivering to transferee –> “holder in due course”
OR
By executing separate assignment doc
HIDC - conditions
Note must be negotiable.
Original note endorsed and signed by named mortgagee
Original note delivered.
Transferee takes note in good faith, no notice of illegality.
Transferee pays value for note - more than nominal.
Holder in due course - status
Free of any personal defenses that mortgagor could have raised against orig. mortgagee!
(eg. lack of consideration, fraud in inducement, unconscionability, waiver, estoppel)
(like an endorsed check)
HIDC still subject to real defenses:
MADFIFIIII Material Alteration Duress Fraud in the factum (misrep re instrument) Incapacity Illegality Infancy Insolvency
When does lien remain on land through sale?
When mortgage instrument is properly recorded.
“All recording statutes apply to mortgages as well as deeds”
If mortgagee bank records after subsequent sale?
Notice jurisdiction: Buyer wins if BFP
Race-notice jurisdiction (NY): Bank wins since it won race to record.
Is buyer of mortgaged property liable for the debt?
Depends:
If B “assumed mortgage” - Buyer primarily liable; debtor secondarily liable.
If B “takes subject to mortgage” - Only debtor liable, but bank can still foreclose on the land.
Foreclosure - order of priority for use of proceeds
- Attorney fees and foreclosure expenses.
- Interest on 1st bank’s mortgage.
- Pay off mortgages in order of priority.
Personal claim against debtor for balance not covered by foreclosure is called?
“Deficiency judgment”
Those with interests subordinate to the foreclosing party are called ?
“Necessary parties to foreclosure action”
Foreclosure terminates interests junior to the mortgage being forclosed, but:
They must be joined to proceeding. If not, unjoined necessary party’s mortgage remains on land after foreclosure sale!
If a junior mortgage forecloses?
The senior mortgage stays on the land through disclosure.
Foreclosure buyer should pay off 1st mortgage and deduct from purchase price
Priority among creditors determined by:
Recording. First in time (to record) first in right.
“Purchase money mortgage”
Superior to earlier collateral rights not relating to purchase (such as floating charge - “after acquired collateral clause”.
Must be recorded.
Subordination agreement between creditors?
Permissible, enforceable.
“Redemption in equity”
At any time prior to foreclosure sale, debtor has right to redeem land.
Cannot waive in agreement, this would be “clogging the equity of redemption”
“Statutory redemption” - after foreclosure.
Some states, NOT NY.
Payable: foreclosure price, not debt.
Mortgagor has right of possession during statutory period post-foreclosure.
Lateral support:
Land improved by buildings,
adjacent landowner’s excavation causes improved land to cave in
When liable?
Negligence only.
No strict liability.
Defense: Land would have collapsed anyway, even in its natural state.
Water rights - 2 systems for determining allocation
“Riparian doctrine”: owners of land bordering watercourse. Liable for use which interferes unreasonably with other’s use.
“Prior appropriation doctrine”: Water belongs to state. Any individual can acquire, not just riparian owner. First to do so for productive/beneficial use has priority.
Groundwater - surface owner’s right?
Reasonable use.
Not wasteful.
Surface waters not in natural basin/watercourse?
Usually - cannot divert by making unnecessary harm to another’s land.
Possessor’s rights
Free form trespass and nuisance
Trespass - define
“Invasion of land by tangible physical object that interferes with the right of exclusive possession.”
Action for removal of trespasser?
Action for ejectment.
Private nuisance - define
Substantial, intentional and unreasonable interference with another’s use and enjoyment of land.
(No trespass required)
(Hypersensitive - not nuisance!)
Eminent domain - types of taking
Explicit - condemns land for highway.
Implicit/regulatory - when regulation has effect of wiping out investment. Gov must either compensate or cancel and pay damages.
Proponent to variance in zoning must show
Undue hardship
AND
to grant variance will not work a detriment to surrounding property values.
Variance granted or denied by administrative action - zoning board.
Nonconforming use under new zoning ordinance:
Cannot be eliminated all at once, unless just compensation paid.
Otherwise:
“unconstitutional taking”.
Unconstitutional exaction means?.
Amenities which gov seeks from developer in exchange for permission to build.
Actions are “suspect” and may be “unconstitutional extortion”.
To pass, must be “reasonably related” in nature and scope to “impact of proposed development”.
