Crim Proc Flashcards
4th amendment
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue,
but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation,
and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized
FIRST ISSUE:
S&S governed by 4th? Qs
Executed by gov agent?
Area/item protected by 4th?
Physical intrusion or violation of reasonable expectation of privacy?
Individual has standing?
Gov agent includes
Private citizen at direction of police
Security guard deputized with power of arrest (campus cops)
Public school administrator
Area/item protected by 4th?
Persons
Houses (incl. “curtilage” - surrounding area of domestic use)
Papers
Effects
Unprotected items:
"Knowing exposure to 3rd parties": Paint scrapings from car Bank account records view from public airspace Garbage Voice Odors Handwriting View across open fields
Reasonable expectation of privacy - test:
Actual subjective expectation
AND
Recognized by society as reasonable expectation
Who has standing?
Individual’s personal privacy rights invaded.
Overnight guest –> areas he is expected to access.
Use of 3rd party residence for biz - “personal”
Owns item - if reasonable expectation of privacy in AREA IN WHICH IT WAS SEIZED
Passenger in 3rd party’s car - NO,
NY - YES re weapons if possession attributed to him
SECOND ISSUE
When does warrant satisfy 4th?
Neutral and detached magistrate.
Probably cause and particularity [OR - MBE ONLY - police relied in good faith]
Properly executed
Probable cause that?
Fair probability that contraband or evidence of crime will be found in area searched.
Hearsay - OK
Anon tip - see mess below
Particularity - doesn’t need to mention name if indicative.
Anon tip = probably cause - MBE
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE ENOUGH with police corroboration sufficient for magistrate to make "common sense practical" determination that PC exists based on totality of circumstances
Anon tip = probably cause - NY
ALSO NEED INFO ABOUT INFORMANT
must establish
“veracity and reliability” of informant
OR
informant’s “basis of knowledge” AND police observation confirms sufficient detail suggestive of criminal activity in question
Good faith by police enoughto substitute PC [MBE only] - when not applicable?
Not applicable when:
Affidavit or warrant terribly lacking, magistrate biased, reckless falsehoods
When is a warrant properly executed?
Compliance with terms and limits
Compliance with “Knock and announce” rule
When is “knock and announce” not needed?
Officer reasonably believes it would be futile / dangerous / inhibit investigation
THIRD ISSUE
Valid warrantless search - 8 types
[ESCAPIST]
Exigent circs Search incident to arrest Consent Automobile Plain view Inventory Special needs Terry stop and frisk
- Exigent circumstances
Evanescent evidence - disappears before warrant can be obtained
Hot pursuit - plain view evidence in home
Emergency aid - when entering premises due to emergency
- Search incident to arrest
Arrest lawful.
Search justified by officer safety and need to preserve evidence.
Must be contemporaneous with arrest.
Search incident to arrest - wingspan?
includes containers within immediate control, regardless of nature of offense.
NY: Can access containers only if he is suspected to be armed.
Search incident to arrest - car?
Interior cabin including closed containers - YES.
Trunk - NO.
After arrestee is SECURED - search car only with reason to believe it contains evidence RELEVANT to arrest.
NY - once arrestee is OUT OF CAR, can’t search containers in car for anything!
- Consent
Must be voluntary and intelligent
“Reasonable officer believes permission is granted”
Apparent authority - OK if officer reasonably believed he had actual authority
Consent in shared premises?
Any resident can consent to common areas
But objecting tenant prevails in “shared dominion/control” areas
- Automobile
Lesser expectation of privacy
PC that contraband/evidence is there
Containers big enough to contain contraband/evidence
TIMING for PC - can arise after being pulled over but before initiating search
- Plain view
Lawful access to place where viewed
Lawful access to item (don’t need to open bag)
Criminality of item immediately apparent
- Inventory search
When:
Arrestee - when booked into jail
Vehicle - when impounded
Requires:
Regulations which are reasonable in scope
Search complies with regs
Search conducted in good faith (motivated solely to safeguard possessions or ensure officer safety)
- Special needs
Needs of cops, gov employees, school officials
BEYOND general interest in law enforcement
Eg. Random drug testing For employees in sensitive possessions + public schoolchildren in extracuric activities
As parole condition
School search (reasonable, not excessively intrusive re age, sex, infraction)
Border searches (including citizens)
NOT when primary purpose is gathering criminal evidence!
- “Terry” stop and frisk
Stop: Brief detention/seizure to investigate conduct
Frisk: Pat down for weapons
[No PC needed for either!]
Stop - grounds
Reasonable and articulable facts (less than PC) (objective)
that inform officer’s belief
that criminal activity is present
Frisk - grounds
Specific and articulable facts (less than PC) (objective)
that suggest suspect is armed and dangerous
When is stop considered “stop” for 4th?
Reasonable person does not feel free to leave.
Is pursuit = seizure?
MBE: Only if he submits or is physically restrained.
NY: Yes. (Meaning that once there is pursuit, there is no exception for not having warrant)
Seizable items during frisk
MBE: Weapons and contraband recognizable without manipulation
NY: Only weapons.
At-home arrest - where can officers search?
Can search for “criminal confederates” in immediately adjoining area.
For more remote areas - when facts allow “reasonably prudent officer” to conclude that there are individuals there.
Roadblocks - cars
Special law enforcement needs –> can stop car without individualized suspicion.
Conditions:
- neutral, articulable standard to choose cars (“every car”)
- for purpose related to cars (drunk driving), not ordinary wrongdoing (looking for drugs)
“Pretextual car stop”
Can stop car for traffic violation
even if ulterior motive is to investigate crime which doesn’t justify stop
FOURTH ISSUE
Use of unconstitutional evidence
Federal exclusionary rule - Unconstitutionally obtained evidence is inadmissible at trial, including fruit of poisonous tree.
Limits on rule - below:
Limits on rule
May be introduced in cross-examination
Knock and announce violation with subsequent evidence found
Police error - inadmissible only when deliberate, reckless or grossly negligent.
Reasonable mistake by officer OK