Evidence Flashcards
MBE Authority
Federal Rules of Evidence
Relevance
Evidence is relevant if it has ANY TENDENCY to make a material fact more or less probable than would be the case without the evidence.
Relevance - Admissibility
Relevant evidence is generally admissible UNLESS
- Its probative value is substantially outweighed by: the risk of unfair prejudice / confusion / waste of time / misleading the jury / undue delay / unduly cumulative
- It is excluded by some other rule.
Evidence of P’s Accident History
Not admissible to show the P is accident prone (propensity for carelessness); UNLESS the event that caused P’s injuries is [directly] in issue
Evidence of D’s Accident History
NOT admissible to show propensity for carelessness
Evidence of D’s Accident History: Exceptions
May be admitted if the other accident happened under SUBSTANTIALLY SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES to prove:
- Existence of dangerous condition;
- Causation of the accident; or
- Prior notice to the D
Admissibility of Experiments and Tests
“Substantial similar circumstances” test
Past Conduct to Show Intent
Prior similar conduct of a person may be admissible to raise an inference of the person’s intent on later occasion.
Past Sales
Past sales of similar property, in same general location, and close in time is some evidence of value of property at issue.
Evidence of Habit
Habit of a person/business is ADMISSIBLE as circumstantial evidence of how the person acted on the occasion at issue in the legislation.
[NOT when referring to general propensity and disposition]
Habit - Defined
Repetitive/frequent response to a
Particular set of circumstances
Under complete control of the circumstances **NYS only (this usually disqualifies driving circs)
Industry Custom as Standard of Care
Admissible
Liability Insurance
Inadmissible for the purpose of proving fault or the absence of fault.
Liability Insurance - Exception
May be admissible for a proper purpose other than fault (with limiting instruction); e.g. proving ownership or control if disputed.
Subsequent Remedial Measures
POST-ACCIDENT Repairs, design changes, and policy changes are INADMISSIBLE to prove negligence, culpable conduct, product defect, need for warning.
Subsequent Remedial Measures - Exceptions
Admissible for some other proper purpose;e.g. ownership, control, or feasibility of safer condition ONLY IF D disputes them
Subsequent Remedial Measures - NY Exception
Admissible in a STRICT PRODUCTS LIABILITY action against manufacturer to suggest the EXISTENCE OF A DEFECT (not in negligence theory)
Evidence of Settlement
In disputed civil claim, INADMISSIBLE to prove liability or impeach witness:
- Actual settlements
- Offers to settle
- Statements of fact made during settlement discussions
Timing of settlement discussion excluded as evidence?
At time of discussion, a claim has been asserted, and there is a dispute about validity of claim or amount.
(Eg. if drivers discuss at scene of accident –> admissible)
Evidence of Settlement - Exceptions
- Admissible to show bias (eg. if settling party receives settlement and then testifies, he might be biased)
- MBE ONLY: Statements of fact to a CIVIL regulatory discussion w/ gov’t are admissible in a subsequent CRIMINAL case (not offers to settle)
* *Gov exception NOT adopted in NY
Plea Bargaining in Criminal Cases
The following are INADMISSIBLE 1. Offer to plead guilty 2. Withdrawn guilty plea [In NY - admissible in subsequent civil case] 3. Plea of nolo contendere (no contest) 4. Statements of fact BUTGUILTY PLEAS ARE ADMISSIBLE
Plea Bargaining - withdrawn guilty plea
MBE: Never
NY: Admissible in subsequent civil case against the D.
Offers to Pay Medical Expenses
Offers to pay medical expenses are inadmissible regardless of whether or not there is a dispute.
*Statements of fact made in connection with offers to pay medical expenses ARE ADMISSIBLE
Character Evidence - 3 Purposes
- Character is an ESSENTIAL element of the case (e.g. fraud) (never crim)
- Conduct in conformity with character trait
- Impeach witness’s credibility
Character Evidence - Criminal Def.
INADMISSIBLE during the prosecution’s case-in-chief.
BUT
Crim Def. may introduce OPINION and REPUTATION testimony BUT THAT OPENS THE DOOR TO REBUTTAL
Character Evidence - Criminal Def. in NY
Crim. Def. may ONLY introduce character evidence through REPUTATION and NOT OPINION testimony.
Character Evidence - Prosecution’s Rebuttal
If D opens the door with good character evidence, then Pros. may
- Cross-examine witnesses to impeach knowledge of D (only asking!); and
- Call own reputation and opinion witnesses [NY: reputation only]
* NY* PRIOR CONVICTIONS are admissible to rebut good character evidence.
Victim’s Character - Self Defense
Crim. D may introduce evidence of victim’s violent character to prove victim’s conduct in conformity that the victim struck first
Victim’s Character - Self Defense NY Rule*
Character evidence to prove that the victim struck first - is inadmissible in NY.
Victim’s Character - Self Defense & Pros. Rebuttal
Once D opens the door, P can introduce evidence of
- V’s good character for peacefulness
- D’s bad character for violence
Victim’s Character - D’s Knowledge of V’s Character for Violence
MS & NY - D can offer evidence of HIS OWN AWARENESS through reputation or bad acts to show D’s state of mind (FEAR).
Victim’s Character - Sexual Assault
Rape Shield Law - Evidence of sexual propensity or sexual behavior by VICTIM are INADMISSIBLE
EXCEPT
1. to show that someone other than the D was the source of injury/semen,
2. sexual activity with D to show a defense of consent,
3. other DUE PROCESS situations (very rare) (eg. victim had motive to claim rape due to love triangle…)
Character Evidence - Civil Cases
Generally INADMISSIBLE by P and D to prove conduct in conformity with that character trait.
Character Evidence - Civil Cases Exceptions
Admissible if character trait is an ESSENTIAL ELEMENT of a claim:
- Negligent hiring (employer should have known reputation)
- Defamation (D shows V’s dishonesty)
- Child custody dispute (fitness of parents)
D’s Crimes and Bad Acts - General Rule
Bad acts or other crimes are not admissible during the prosecution’s case-in-chief if offered to show D is more likely to have committed the present crime
D’s Crimes and Bad Acts - Exceptions
Admissible if to show something specific about crime being charged, eg:
1. Motive
2. Intent
3. Mistake or Accident, the absence thereof
4. Identity
5. Common scheme or plan
[MIMIC] (even in case-in-chief)
D’s Crimes and Bad Acts - Standard of Proof for MIMIC Excpeptions
By conviction, or
MBE: By evidence - low standard - “conditional relevance” - reasonablu juror could conclude he committed.
*NY Distinction - higher standard: “clear and convincing evidence.”
What does court weigh in MIMIC Exceptions
Probative value v prejudice.
Give limiting instructions!
D’s Prior Sexual Misconduct
MBE: In a sexual assault case, a D’s specific prior sexual assaults are admissible for showing D’s PROPENSITY FOR SEXUAL MISCONDUCT
(Acts only, not reputation or opinion)
**Not adopted in NY. Only under MIMIC
Methods of Authentication - Documents
- Witness’s personal knowledge
- Handwriting
- Ancient Document Rule
- Solicited Reply Doctrine
Handwriting Authentication
a. lay witness w/ personal knowledge of handwriting
b. expert
c. jury comparison
(Judge does NOTneed to be convinced. Court determines that there is sufficient evidence from which a REASONABLE JUROR can conclude it is genuine. Then jury decides.)
Ancient Document Rule
Authenticity inferred IF
- 20+ years old (30 in NY), AND
- facially free of suspicion, AND
- found in a place of natural custody
Solicited Reply Doctrine
Document can be authenticated by evidence that it was received in response to a prior communication to the alleged author.
Self-Authenticating Documents
These are presumed authentic:
- Official publications
- Certified copies of public or private records on file in public office
- Newspapers or periodicals
- Trade inscriptions and labels
- Acknowledged document
- Commercial paper
Authentication of Photographs
Witness may testify on the basis of personal knowledge that the photograph is a “fair and accurate representation” of the people or objects portrayed.
Even if someone else took the picture.
Best Evidence Rule - when?
A party who seeks to prove the contents of a writing.
2 principle situations:
- legally operative document (deeds…)
- Witness is testifying to fact learned SOLELY from reading the writing
NOT when witness with personal knowledge testifies to a fact that exists independently of the writing
Best Evidence Rule - requirements
- produce the original writing, OR
2. provide an acceptable excuse for its absence AND a copy or oral testimony
Bets Evidence Rule - what is the “original”?
Whatever parties intended as the original.
Printout of computer stored data is an original.
Best Evidence Rule - Duplicates
Duplicates are copies accurately reproduced by mechanical means (photocopies) and are ADMISSIBLE to the same extent as the original,
UNLESS it would be UNFAIR, or genuine question raised as to AUTHENTICITY OF ORIGINAL.
Best Evidence Rule - NY photocopies
Admissible as duplicate only when made in the ordinary course of business.
Best Evidence Rule - Excuses
- Lost or cannot be found with due diligence
- Destroyed without bad faith
- Cannot be obtained with legal process
(THEN - secondary evidence is permissible)
Best Evidence Rule - Escapes
- Voluminous records
- Certified copies of public records
- Collateral documents (not important to merits)
Children Witnesses - New York Only
General rule: A child of any age may testify under oath if the child understands and appreciates the duty to tell the truth.
(Civil/crim distinctions in next cards)
Children Witnesses - New York Civil Cases
A child must be able to testify under oath
Children Witnesses - New York Criminal Cases
A child under the age of 9 who cannot understand the duty of an oath may still testify,
BUT
a conviction cannot be based solely on the unsworn testimony of a child.
There must be SOME CORROBORATING evidence of the crime.
Dead Man’s Statute*
MBE: Personal interest does not make witness incompetent.
- NY* and others - Dead Man’s Statute:
1. In a CIVIL action only,
2. an INTERESTED WITNESS
3. is INCOMPETENT to testify
4. against the estate of a decedent
5. concerning a PERSONAL TRANSACTION OR COMMUNICATION between the interested person and decedent. (NOT JUST TALKING, ALSO RELATED ACTS!!)
NY Dead Man’s Statute Exception
In an auto accident the surviving interested party MAY testify regarding “facts of negligence arising out of the ownership/operation” of car, about the
- surviving party’s observations of the decedent’s conduct and demeanor, BUT
- May not testify about oral statements made by the decedent.
Leading Questions
Generally:
- Not allowed on direct
- Allowed on cross
Leading Questions - Exceptions
Allowed on direct if:
- Introductory matters
- Youthful or forgetful witnesses
- Hostile witness
- Adverse party or under adverse party’s control
Writings - Refreshing Recollection
Witnesses may NOT read from prepared writings;
BUT if witness’s memory fails him, he may be SHOWN a memorandum to job his memory.
Writings - Past Recollection Recorded
Contents of the writing may be READ to the jury IF ALL OF THE FOLLOWING:
- showing writing to witness fails to job memory
- witness had personal knowledge at former time
- writing was either made by witness, or adopted by witness
- making or adoption occurred while the event was fresh in the witness’s mind
- witness can vouch for accuracy of writing when made or adopted
Writings - Past Recollection Recorded - adversary rights?
To inspect document
Use in cross-exam
Introduce into evidence
Writings - Past Recollection Recorded NY Distinction (“hearsay exception”)
If 5-part foundation is made, the writing may be SHOWN to the jury.
MBE: the proponent may only READ it to the jury.
Opinion Testimony - Lay Witness
Lay opinion admissible if:
- opinion is RATIONALLY BASED on witness’s perception (i.e. personal knowledge)
- opinion must be helpful to the jury in deciding and issue of fact (i.e. relevant)
Opinion Testimony - Expert Witness
- Qualified
- Proper subject matter
- Basis of opinion
Expert Witness - Qualifications
Qualifications based on education, experience, and training