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Psychopathology > Readings > Flashcards

Readings Flashcards

1
Q

What can be an indicator of hidden BP?

A

non-response to anti-depressants

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2
Q

Is BP under-recognised?

A

Yep

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3
Q

What are the 6 common BP prodromes?

A
  • sleep disturbance
  • psychotic symptoms
  • mood change
  • psychomotor symptoms
  • appetite change
  • increased anxiety
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4
Q

What 7 factors can predict the onset of mania?

A
  • dysfunctional cog schema
  • BAS sensitivity
  • reward responsiveness
  • preparing for exams
  • conscientiousness; positive self-appraisals
  • self-critical beliefs
  • approach appraisals to threatening stimuli
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5
Q

What are the differences between -ve and +ve meta-beliefs?

A

+ve: use worry as a means of coping

-ve: uncontrollability of worry; harmful effects of worry

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6
Q

What is the difference between the associative and non-associative perspectives of phobia aetiology?

A

ASSOCIATIVE

  • learning experiences
  • developed through classical conditioning; maintained by avoidance (operant conditioning)

NON-ASSOCIATIVE

  • innate spontaneous reaction to relevant evolutionary cues
  • there are certain fears which are part of a species’ development
  • no direct/indirect exposure required
  • conditioned events not required for stimuli with evolutionary relevance
  • BUT fears without evolutionary focus can develop; require classical conditioning
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7
Q

What are cognitive models of phobia development?

A
  • key role of expectation in learning
  • safety/danger appraisals
  • perceived control
  • overestimate predictive rship b/w stimulus and probable outcome
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8
Q

Explain the role of safety behaviours in social anxiety

A
  • influence onset and maintenance
  • perceived as necessary to prevent feared outcome
  • prevent disconfirmatory evidence
  • support attributional bias
  • lead to -ve evaluation by peers/lower likability (the feared outcome)

INTERPERSONAL CONSEQUENCES

  • less capacity to pay attention
  • miss key social cues
  • appear disengaged
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9
Q

What happens when people with social anxiety were asked to engage in safety behaviours?

A
  • appeared more anxious
  • lower +ve affect
  • higher anxiety
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10
Q

What 7 factors play a key role in BDD maintenance?

A
  • safety behaviours (mirror, camouflage)
  • worry
  • rumination
  • anxiety
  • shame
  • hopelessness
  • post-event processing (rumination, self-attacking)
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11
Q

What are the 5 key factors in the cognitive model of OCD?

A
  • inflated responsibility
  • thought-action fusion
  • need to control thoughts
  • overestimate threat
  • intolerance of uncertainty
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12
Q

What are the cognitive aspects of hoarding disorder?

A
  • info processing
  • emotional attachments to possessions
  • erroneous beliefs about possessions

BELEIFS ABOUT POSSESSIONS

  • memory
  • emotional attachment
  • control
  • responsibility
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13
Q

What is the overlap b/w TMM and excoriation?

A
  • recurrent + excessive
  • functional impairment
  • emotional distress
  • disfigurement + medical complications
  • habitual
  • target certain imperfections (scar; coarse hair)
  • PHENOMENOLOGY (affective arousal regulation; dissociation (trance); automaticity (automatic v focussed))
  • age of onset
  • course
  • response to treatment (HRT)
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14
Q

What are the overlapping comorbidities to TTM and EXC?

A
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • personality disorders
  • OCD
  • BDD
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15
Q

What are the overlapping risk factors to TTM and EXC?

A
  • genetics
  • neurocog deficits (inhibitory control, spatial WM, divided attention, visuospatial)
  • temperamental (emotional temperament, higher reward avoidance and reward dependence)
  • environmental (lack of stimulation, trauma, childhood sexual abuse)
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16
Q

What are the 2 key issues with Adjustment Disorder?

A
  • poorly defined; no specific symptoms

- many diff subtypes

17
Q

How does complex PTSD differ from BPD?

A
  • less self-harm/suicidal behaviour
  • BPD does not require stressful event at onset
  • BPD: fear abandonment; shft identity
18
Q

What are the psychological processes involved in PTSD?

A

MEMORY

  • involuntary flashbacks/living
  • lower WM capacity
  • bias toward trauma-related recall
  • difficulty retrieving autobiographical memories

ATTENTION
- attentional bias?

DISSOCIATION
- numbing, derealisation, depersonalisation, ‘out-of’body’ experiences

COG-AFFECTIVE RESPONSES

  • fear, hopelessness, horror
  • helplessness > mental defeat > attach identity
  • guilt, shame, sadness, betrayal, humiliation, anger

BELIEFS

  • trauma shatters people’s basic beliefs/assumptions
  • more -ve beliefs self/world/others

COG COPING STRATS

  • attempt to suppress unwanted thoughts (makes them worse)
  • avoidance
19
Q

Explain Ehler & Clark’s Cog Model of PTSD + the 2 key maintaining factors

A
  • process traum info in a way that produces sense of current threat
  • -ve appraisals + overestimate danger

MAINTAINING FACTORS

  • maladaptive behavioural strategies (SB, avoidance, substance use etc)
  • maladaptive cog processing styles (selective attn to threat; rumination; dissociation)
20
Q

What is the nature of the trauma memory in PTSD? (3)

A
  • poorly elaborated
  • not contextualised in time/place
  • inadequately integrated into general database of autobiographical knowledge
21
Q

What are the peri-trauma factors that affect the encoding/affect of trauma memory?

A
  • inability to establish self-referential perspective during the trauma
  • dissociation
  • emotional numbing
  • lack cog capacity to properly evaluate aspects of event
  • data-driven processing (NOT conceptual processing)
22
Q

What are the 4 transdiagnostic maintaining factors to EDs?

A

CLINICAL PERFECTIONISM

  • over-evaluate achieving perfection
  • fear failure; self-criticism; selective attn to performance

CORE LOW SE

  • -ve view of self (seen as part of permanent identity)
  • hopelessness about capacity to change

MOOD INTOLERANCE

  • can’t cope with certain emotional states
  • anger, anxiety, depression
  • coping strats: self-harm, substances, vomit etc

INTERPERSONAL DIFFICULTIES

  • family tension
  • interpersonal environment
  • adverse interpersonal events
23
Q

Why do we think a transdiagnostic perspective exists?

A
  • shared distinctive psychopathology
  • commonly move b/w diagnostic states
    »> common mechanisms involved
24
Q

What are the 4 stages of diagnostic treatment in EDs?

A
  1. Engage, educate, formulate
  2. Review progress so far, barriers to change, assess 4 maintaining factors, revise formulation
  3. Dictated by formulation, modify psychopathology, address additional processes
  4. Ensure progress maintained after treatment ends
25
Q

What are the aetiological factors of EDs?

A
  • sociocultural
  • puberty
  • genetics
  • neurobiological (5HT, DA)
  • personality (-ve emotionality, high stress reactivity, harm avoidance, high persistence)
  • perinatal/childhood

Psychopathology (14 decks)

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