Readings Flashcards
What can be an indicator of hidden BP?
non-response to anti-depressants
Is BP under-recognised?
Yep
What are the 6 common BP prodromes?
- sleep disturbance
- psychotic symptoms
- mood change
- psychomotor symptoms
- appetite change
- increased anxiety
What 7 factors can predict the onset of mania?
- dysfunctional cog schema
- BAS sensitivity
- reward responsiveness
- preparing for exams
- conscientiousness; positive self-appraisals
- self-critical beliefs
- approach appraisals to threatening stimuli
What are the differences between -ve and +ve meta-beliefs?
+ve: use worry as a means of coping
-ve: uncontrollability of worry; harmful effects of worry
What is the difference between the associative and non-associative perspectives of phobia aetiology?
ASSOCIATIVE
- learning experiences
- developed through classical conditioning; maintained by avoidance (operant conditioning)
NON-ASSOCIATIVE
- innate spontaneous reaction to relevant evolutionary cues
- there are certain fears which are part of a species’ development
- no direct/indirect exposure required
- conditioned events not required for stimuli with evolutionary relevance
- BUT fears without evolutionary focus can develop; require classical conditioning
What are cognitive models of phobia development?
- key role of expectation in learning
- safety/danger appraisals
- perceived control
- overestimate predictive rship b/w stimulus and probable outcome
Explain the role of safety behaviours in social anxiety
- influence onset and maintenance
- perceived as necessary to prevent feared outcome
- prevent disconfirmatory evidence
- support attributional bias
- lead to -ve evaluation by peers/lower likability (the feared outcome)
INTERPERSONAL CONSEQUENCES
- less capacity to pay attention
- miss key social cues
- appear disengaged
What happens when people with social anxiety were asked to engage in safety behaviours?
- appeared more anxious
- lower +ve affect
- higher anxiety
What 7 factors play a key role in BDD maintenance?
- safety behaviours (mirror, camouflage)
- worry
- rumination
- anxiety
- shame
- hopelessness
- post-event processing (rumination, self-attacking)
What are the 5 key factors in the cognitive model of OCD?
- inflated responsibility
- thought-action fusion
- need to control thoughts
- overestimate threat
- intolerance of uncertainty
What are the cognitive aspects of hoarding disorder?
- info processing
- emotional attachments to possessions
- erroneous beliefs about possessions
BELEIFS ABOUT POSSESSIONS
- memory
- emotional attachment
- control
- responsibility
What is the overlap b/w TMM and excoriation?
- recurrent + excessive
- functional impairment
- emotional distress
- disfigurement + medical complications
- habitual
- target certain imperfections (scar; coarse hair)
- PHENOMENOLOGY (affective arousal regulation; dissociation (trance); automaticity (automatic v focussed))
- age of onset
- course
- response to treatment (HRT)
What are the overlapping comorbidities to TTM and EXC?
- anxiety
- depression
- personality disorders
- OCD
- BDD
What are the overlapping risk factors to TTM and EXC?
- genetics
- neurocog deficits (inhibitory control, spatial WM, divided attention, visuospatial)
- temperamental (emotional temperament, higher reward avoidance and reward dependence)
- environmental (lack of stimulation, trauma, childhood sexual abuse)
What are the 2 key issues with Adjustment Disorder?
- poorly defined; no specific symptoms
- many diff subtypes
How does complex PTSD differ from BPD?
- less self-harm/suicidal behaviour
- BPD does not require stressful event at onset
- BPD: fear abandonment; shft identity
What are the psychological processes involved in PTSD?
MEMORY
- involuntary flashbacks/living
- lower WM capacity
- bias toward trauma-related recall
- difficulty retrieving autobiographical memories
ATTENTION
- attentional bias?
DISSOCIATION
- numbing, derealisation, depersonalisation, ‘out-of’body’ experiences
COG-AFFECTIVE RESPONSES
- fear, hopelessness, horror
- helplessness > mental defeat > attach identity
- guilt, shame, sadness, betrayal, humiliation, anger
BELIEFS
- trauma shatters people’s basic beliefs/assumptions
- more -ve beliefs self/world/others
COG COPING STRATS
- attempt to suppress unwanted thoughts (makes them worse)
- avoidance
Explain Ehler & Clark’s Cog Model of PTSD + the 2 key maintaining factors
- process traum info in a way that produces sense of current threat
- -ve appraisals + overestimate danger
MAINTAINING FACTORS
- maladaptive behavioural strategies (SB, avoidance, substance use etc)
- maladaptive cog processing styles (selective attn to threat; rumination; dissociation)
What is the nature of the trauma memory in PTSD? (3)
- poorly elaborated
- not contextualised in time/place
- inadequately integrated into general database of autobiographical knowledge
What are the peri-trauma factors that affect the encoding/affect of trauma memory?
- inability to establish self-referential perspective during the trauma
- dissociation
- emotional numbing
- lack cog capacity to properly evaluate aspects of event
- data-driven processing (NOT conceptual processing)
What are the 4 transdiagnostic maintaining factors to EDs?
CLINICAL PERFECTIONISM
- over-evaluate achieving perfection
- fear failure; self-criticism; selective attn to performance
CORE LOW SE
- -ve view of self (seen as part of permanent identity)
- hopelessness about capacity to change
MOOD INTOLERANCE
- can’t cope with certain emotional states
- anger, anxiety, depression
- coping strats: self-harm, substances, vomit etc
INTERPERSONAL DIFFICULTIES
- family tension
- interpersonal environment
- adverse interpersonal events
Why do we think a transdiagnostic perspective exists?
- shared distinctive psychopathology
- commonly move b/w diagnostic states
»> common mechanisms involved
What are the 4 stages of diagnostic treatment in EDs?
- Engage, educate, formulate
- Review progress so far, barriers to change, assess 4 maintaining factors, revise formulation
- Dictated by formulation, modify psychopathology, address additional processes
- Ensure progress maintained after treatment ends
What are the aetiological factors of EDs?
- sociocultural
- puberty
- genetics
- neurobiological (5HT, DA)
- personality (-ve emotionality, high stress reactivity, harm avoidance, high persistence)
- perinatal/childhood
